B. Các loại câu gián tiếp
5. Các từ khác có thể thay cho if
Ví dụ: If he doesn’t come, I’ll bring this package to him.
→ Unless he comes, I’ll bring this package to him.
- in case (phòng khi điều gì có thế xảy ra)
Trong mệnh đề theo sau in case, ta thường dùng thì Hiện tại đơn hoặc Quá khứ đơn, không dùng will hoặc would.
Ví dụ: I always take an umbrella it case it rains.
(= I always lake an umbrella because it may rain.) - with, without, và but for.
with/ without (nếu có/nếu không), but for (nếu không có) được dùng như một dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề if (reduced form of the if clause).
with/ without/ but for+ a noun/a noun phrase Ví dụ: If you help me, I can finish this assignment.
→With your help, I can finish this assignment.
If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished this assignment.
→ Without your help, I couldn’t have finished this assignment.
(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của anh, tôi không thể hoàn thành công việc này - nhưng thực tế anh đã giúp tôi.)
If it hadn’t rained, we would have had a nice holiday.
→ But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.
(Nếu trời không mưa thì chúng tôi đã có một kì nghỉ vui vẻ.)
Như vậy, trong trường hợp này, without cũng tương đương với cấu trúc “If it were not for...” (loại 2) hoặc “If it hadn’t been for... ” (loại 3).
Ví dụ: Without your help, I couldn’t finish this assignment.
= If it were not for your help, I couldn’t finish this assignment.
But for/Without your map, we would have lost our way.
= If it had not been for your map, we would have lost our way.
Providing (that)/provided (that) (= miễn là): được dùng để thay thế cho if khi người nói có ý nhấn mạnh sự hạn chế.
Ví dụ: You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back tomorrow
morning.
As long as/ so long as (= miễn là): có cách dùng tương tự như providing (that)/
provided (that).
Ví dụ: You can slay with us as/ so long as you share the expenses.
Otherwise (= nếu không thì) được dùng để thay thế cho //và liên quan đếnmột ý tưởng đã nói trong câu trước.
Ví dụ: You must read the instructions; otherwise, you don’t know how to use it.
BÀI TẬP CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ____________ the same language?
A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak
2. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, ________ this incident again.
A. I will never mention B. I never mention C. will 1 never mention D. Í don't mention
3. Unless you _______all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering 4. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I ________ it.
A. would never have believed B. don’t believe
C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe
5. If John _______ to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn't agree B. didn’t agree C. hadn’t agreed D. wouldn’t agree 6. I didn’t know you were asleep. Otherwise, I _____ so much noise when I came in.
A. didn’t make B. wouldn’t have made
C. won’t make D. don’t make
7. If I _______ thesame problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
A. have B. would have C. had had D. should have 8. I _______ you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.
A. would have visited B. visited
C. had visited D. visit
9. _______ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
A. Had I known B. Did I know C. If I know D. If I would know 10. The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Professor Madison _______, I would have listened carefully.
A. had been lecturing B. was lecturing
If I were in your position, I wouldn’t do that.
→ Were I in your position, I wouldn’t do that.
If I had more time, my report would be better.
→ Were I to have more time, my report would be belter.
If I had invited her to my party, it would have been more fun.
→ Had I invited her to my party, it would have been more fun.
If he hadn’t missed the train, he would be here now.
→ Had he not missed the train, he would be here now.
5. Các từ khác có thể thay cho if - unless = if...not (trừ phi, trừ khi)
Ví dụ: If he doesn’t come, I’ll bring this package to him.
→ Unless he comes, I’ll bring this package to him.
- in case (phòng khi điều gì có thế xảy ra)
Trong mệnh đề theo sau in case, ta thường dùng thì Hiện tại đơn hoặc Quá khứ đơn, không dùng will hoặc would.
Ví dụ: I always take an umbrella it case it rains.
(= I always lake an umbrella because it may rain.) - with, without, và but for.
with/ without (nếu có/nếu không), but for (nếu không có) được dùng như một dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề if (reduced form of the if clause).
with/ without/ but for+ a noun/a noun phrase Ví dụ: If you help me, I can finish this assignment.
→With your help, I can finish this assignment.
If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished this assignment.
→ Without your help, I couldn’t have finished this assignment.
(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của anh, tôi không thể hoàn thành công việc này - nhưng thực tế anh đã giúp tôi.)
If it hadn’t rained, we would have had a nice holiday.
→ But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.
(Nếu trời không mưa thì chúng tôi đã có một kì nghỉ vui vẻ.)
Như vậy, trong trường hợp này, without cũng tương đương với cấu trúc “If it were not for...” (loại 2) hoặc “If it hadn’t been for... ” (loại 3).
Ví dụ: Without your help, I couldn’t finish this assignment.
= If it were not for your help, I couldn’t finish this assignment.
But for/Without your map, we would have lost our way.
= If it had not been for your map, we would have lost our way.
Providing (that)/provided (that) (= miễn là): được dùng để thay thế cho if khi người nói có ý nhấn mạnh sự hạn chế.
Ví dụ: You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back tomorrow
morning.
As long as/ so long as (= miễn là): có cách dùng tương tự như providing (that)/
provided (that).
Ví dụ: You can slay with us as/ so long as you share the expenses.
Otherwise (= nếu không thì) được dùng để thay thế cho //và liên quan đếnmột ý tưởng đã nói trong câu trước.
Ví dụ: You must read the instructions; otherwise, you don’t know how to use it.
BÀI TẬP CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ____________ the same language?
A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak
2. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, ________ this incident again.
A. I will never mention B. I never mention C. will 1 never mention D. Í don't mention
3. Unless you _______all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering 4. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I ________ it.
A. would never have believed B. don’t believe
C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe
5. If John _______ to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn't agree B. didn’t agree C. hadn’t agreed D. wouldn’t agree 6. I didn’t know you were asleep. Otherwise, I _____ so much noise when I came in.
A. didn’t make B. wouldn’t have made
C. won’t make D. don’t make
7. If I _______ thesame problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
A. have B. would have C. had had D. should have 8. I _______ you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.
A. would have visited B. visited
C. had visited D. visit
9. _______ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
A. Had I known B. Did I know C. If I know D. If I would know 10. The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Professor Madison _______, I would have listened carefully.
A. had been lecturing B. was lecturing
C. would lecture D. lectured
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I wouldn’t go there at night if I _______ you.
A. am B. would be C. were D. had been 2. If I _______ get a pole, I’ll go fishing.
A. can B. could C. may D. might 3. If they had enough time, they _______ head south.
A. will B. can C. must D. might 4. If you had the chance, _______ you go fishing?
A. did B. may C. would D. do 5. If you _______ a choice, which country would you visit?
A. have B. had C. have had D. will have 6. Trees won't grow _______ there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as 7. _____ she agreed, you would have done it.
A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would 8. If you _______ to be chosen for the job, you’ll have to be experienced i
A. want B. wanted C. had wanted D. wants 9, If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy _______ .
A. might be saved B. have been saved
C. was saved D. might have been saved
10. If you just approach the job with the right attitude, things ________well.
A. would have turned out B. will turn out
C. would turn out D. turns out
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. “Can I borrow your car for this evening?” “Sure if Jane __________it back in time, you're welcome to borrow it.”
A. brought B. brings C. will bring D. would bring 2. I would go swimming if the weather _______ better.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. were
3. I _______ Tom. with me if I had known you didn’t get along with him.
A. hadn’t brought B. didn’t bring
C. wouldn't have brought D. won’t bring 4. I _______ you if I need your help.
A. would call B. will call C. called D. call
5. If energy _______ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different.
A. is B. were C. will be D.would be
6. A huge tree crashed through the roof and broke my bed. _________ in the room, I would have been killed.
A. Should I be B. Had I been C. Would I be D. Would I have been
7. A nation’s balance of trade is considered unfavourable if it ______ more money on imports than it gains from exports.
A. will spend B. would spend C. can spend D. spends 8 . _____ any problem with the product, contact our local dealer.
A. Do you have B. Should you have
C. Had you D. You have
9. Many people who live near nuclear plants are concerned. ________ go wrong, the impact on the surrounding area could be disastrous.
A. Something would B. Something will
C. Should something D. Does something
10. Had I known the carpenter was going to take three days to show up, I _________ the materials and done the work myself. It would be finished by now.
A. will get B. would have got C. might get D. will have got Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions _______ improved.
A. were B. was C. is D. would be
2. The education in Japan ________ if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration.
A. would go down B. would have gone down
C. went down D. had gone down
3. If there ______ ,the ricefields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water B. were enough water C. would be enough water D. are enough water 4. The patient could not recover unless he _______ an operation.
A. had undergone B. would undergo
C. underwent D. was undergoing
5. If she ______ him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet B. will meet C. is meeting D. should meet 6. If he _____ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.
A. had had B. had C. has D. has had
7. If I had enough money, I ______ abroad to improve my English.
A. will go B. would go
C. should go D. should have to go
8. The bench would collapse if they _______ on it.
A. stood B. stand C. standing D. stands
C. would lecture D. lectured
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I wouldn’t go there at night if I _______ you.
A. am B. would be C. were D. had been 2. If I _______ get a pole, I’ll go fishing.
A. can B. could C. may D. might 3. If they had enough time, they _______ head south.
A. will B. can C. must D. might 4. If you had the chance, _______ you go fishing?
A. did B. may C. would D. do 5. If you _______ a choice, which country would you visit?
A. have B. had C. have had D. will have 6. Trees won't grow _______ there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as 7. _____ she agreed, you would have done it.
A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would 8. If you _______ to be chosen for the job, you’ll have to be experienced i
A. want B. wanted C. had wanted D. wants 9, If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy _______ .
A. might be saved B. have been saved
C. was saved D. might have been saved
10. If you just approach the job with the right attitude, things ________well.
A. would have turned out B. will turn out
C. would turn out D. turns out
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. “Can I borrow your car for this evening?” “Sure if Jane __________it back in time, you're welcome to borrow it.”
A. brought B. brings C. will bring D. would bring 2. I would go swimming if the weather _______ better.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. were
3. I _______ Tom. with me if I had known you didn’t get along with him.
A. hadn’t brought B. didn’t bring
C. wouldn't have brought D. won’t bring 4. I _______ you if I need your help.
A. would call B. will call C. called D. call
5. If energy _______ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different.
A. is B. were C. will be D.would be
6. A huge tree crashed through the roof and broke my bed. _________ in the room, I would have been killed.
A. Should I be B. Had I been C. Would I be D. Would I have been
7. A nation’s balance of trade is considered unfavourable if it ______ more money on imports than it gains from exports.
A. will spend B. would spend C. can spend D. spends 8 . _____ any problem with the product, contact our local dealer.
A. Do you have B. Should you have
C. Had you D. You have
9. Many people who live near nuclear plants are concerned. ________ go wrong, the impact on the surrounding area could be disastrous.
A. Something would B. Something will
C. Should something D. Does something
10. Had I known the carpenter was going to take three days to show up, I _________ the materials and done the work myself. It would be finished by now.
A. will get B. would have got C. might get D. will have got Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions _______ improved.
A. were B. was C. is D. would be
2. The education in Japan ________ if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration.
A. would go down B. would have gone down
C. went down D. had gone down
3. If there ______ ,the ricefields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water B. were enough water C. would be enough water D. are enough water 4. The patient could not recover unless he _______ an operation.
A. had undergone B. would undergo
C. underwent D. was undergoing
5. If she ______ him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet B. will meet C. is meeting D. should meet 6. If he _____ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.
A. had had B. had C. has D. has had
7. If I had enough money, I ______ abroad to improve my English.
A. will go B. would go
C. should go D. should have to go
8. The bench would collapse if they _______ on it.
A. stood B. stand C. standing D. stands
9. If it ______ convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.
A. be B. is C. was D. were
10. If you ______ time, please write to me.
A. have B. had C. have had D. has
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. If the car larger, we would have bought it.
A. had been B. has been C. have been D. been 2. If I were to leave my country, I _______ disappointed.
A. probably be B. would have been C. will be D. would be 3. If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he _______ in his examination.
A. would fail B. wouldn’t fail C. wouldn’t have failed D. won’t fail 4. If I had taken that English course, I ______ much progress.
A. had made B. would have made C. made D. would make 5. If I were in your place, I _______ a trip to England.
A. will make B. had made C. would make D. made 6. If you ______ inherited a million pounds, what with the money?
A. do you do B. will you do C. would you do D. are you going to do 7. If you _______ as I told you, you _____ in such predicament now.
A. did - wouldn’t be B. had done - had not been C. do - would not be D. had done - would not be 8. Come and work for my company if you _____ better to do.
A. have nothing B. will havenothing C. had something D. had nothing 9. If you had done as I told you, I think you ______ .
A. would succeed B. would have succeeded
C. could succeed D. had succeeded
10. If he had got half a markmore, he _______ in the exam.
A. wouldn’t fail B. wouldn’t have failed
C. won’t fail D. won’t be failing