F. Prepositions followed by nouns (Giới từ theo sau bởi danh từ)
XI. QUÁ KHỨ GIẢ ĐỊNH & THỨC GIẢ ĐỊNH
- Động từ thường (ordinary verbs): dùng dạng quá khứ (go → went) - Động từ tình thái (modal verbs): dùng dạng quá khứ (can → could) - Động từ be: dùng were cho tất cả các ngôi
Thì quá khứ giả định được dùng trong câu “I wish” cho điều mong muốn ở hiện tại. Ta hãy xem cách dùng thì trong câu “I wish”.
Mệnh đề danh ngữ đi sau động từ wish thường diễn tả một điều ước không có thực trong thực tế.
Cách dùng Động từ Ví dụ
Điều ước ở hiện tại
wish + subject + Past Subjunctive hoặc Simple Past hoặc Past Continuous
I wish I had a car. (I don’t have a car now.) We wish it weren’t/wasn't raining now (It is raining now.)
I wish I were/was a teacher. (I’m not a teacher now.)
Điều ước ở tương lai
wish + subject + would/could + bare infinitive
I wish I could go to the party tomorrow, (but I can’t go) n
She wishes you would be there with her next week, (but you won’t be there with her next week)
Điều ước ở quá khứ
wish + subject + Past Perfect hoặc
Perfect Conditional
I wish I hadn’t gone to that party, (but I went there)
I wish you would have told me the truth, (but you didn’t)
They wish he could have joined that trip with them, (but he didn’t)
Chú ý: “If only” (= Giá mà, giá như) được dùng như “I wish” nhưng mang sắc thái biểu cảm hơn.
Ví dụ: If only you were here with me.
(I really want you here with me but you aren’t.)
If only I hadn’t met you before. (I so regret that I met you before.)
Thì giả định hiện tại (present subjunctive) dùng động từ nguyên mẫu hoặc should + động từ nguyên mẫu (cho tất cả các ngôi.)
Ví dụ thì giả định hiện tại của to be là be cho tất cả các ngôi.
Thì giả định hiện tại được dùng trong một số câu cảm thán để diễn tả mong ước hoặc hi vọng.
Một số động từ thông dụng theo sau là thì giả định hiện tại là:
demand (that) = đòi hỏi (rằng)
C. to be chosen D. being chosen 9. I was enjoying my book, but Ĩ stopped ______ a program on TV.
A. reading to watch B. to read to watch
C. to read for watching Do reading for to watch
10. Who is the woman talking to Mr. Hammond? I don’t recall ________ her around the office before.
A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see Do being seen
Exercise 10: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I don’t blame you for not ______ outside in this awful weather.
A. wanting to go B. wanting go
C. want to go D. to want go
2. This moment will live in our memory for many years ________ .
A. to come B. coming
C. have come D. having been coming
3. When Paul was questioned by the police, he admitted knowing about the embezzlement of funds from his company, but denied ________ in any way.
A. to be involved B. involving
C. having involved D. being involved
4. Mr. Davis was upset by _______ him the truth.
A. our not having told B. us to tell
C. we didn’t tell D. not to tell
5. We considered ______ after work.
A. to go shop B. going shopping
C. going to shop D. to go to shop
6. Jack offered ______ care of my garden while I was out of town.
A. take B. taking
C. to have taken D. to take
7. Could you please come over? I need you ______ the refrigerator.
A. help me moving B. helping me to move
C. to help me move D. help me to move
8. I just heard that there’s been a major accident that has all of the traffic tied up.
If we want to get to the play on time, we’d better avoid _________ the highway.
A. having taken B. take C. to take D. taking
9. The painting was beautiful. I stood there ________ it for a long time.
A. for admiring B. being admired
C. admire D. admiring
10. Jim should have asked for help instead ________ to do it himself.
A. of trying B. to try C. try D. from trying
XI. QUÁ KHỨ GIẢ ĐỊNH & THỨC GIẢ ĐỊNH Thì quá khứ giả định (past subjunctive):
- Động từ thường (ordinary verbs): dùng dạng quá khứ (go → went) - Động từ tình thái (modal verbs): dùng dạng quá khứ (can → could) - Động từ be: dùng were cho tất cả các ngôi
Thì quá khứ giả định được dùng trong câu “I wish” cho điều mong muốn ở hiện tại. Ta hãy xem cách dùng thì trong câu “I wish”.
Mệnh đề danh ngữ đi sau động từ wish thường diễn tả một điều ước không có thực trong thực tế.
Cách dùng Động từ Ví dụ
Điều ước ở hiện tại
wish + subject + Past Subjunctive hoặc Simple Past hoặc Past Continuous
I wish I had a car. (I don’t have a car now.) We wish it weren’t/wasn't raining now (It is raining now.)
I wish I were/was a teacher. (I’m not a teacher now.)
Điều ước ở tương lai
wish + subject + would/could + bare infinitive
I wish I could go to the party tomorrow, (but I can’t go) n
She wishes you would be there with her next week, (but you won’t be there with her next week)
Điều ước ở quá khứ
wish + subject + Past Perfect hoặc
Perfect Conditional
I wish I hadn’t gone to that party, (but I went there)
I wish you would have told me the truth, (but you didn’t)
They wish he could have joined that trip with them, (but he didn’t)
Chú ý: “If only” (= Giá mà, giá như) được dùng như “I wish” nhưng mang sắc thái biểu cảm hơn.
Ví dụ: If only you were here with me.
(I really want you here with me but you aren’t.)
If only I hadn’t met you before. (I so regret that I met you before.)
Thì giả định hiện tại (present subjunctive) dùng động từ nguyên mẫu hoặc should + động từ nguyên mẫu (cho tất cả các ngôi.)
Ví dụ thì giả định hiện tại của to be là be cho tất cả các ngôi.
Thì giả định hiện tại được dùng trong một số câu cảm thán để diễn tả mong ước hoặc hi vọng.
Một số động từ thông dụng theo sau là thì giả định hiện tại là:
demand (that) = đòi hỏi (rằng)
insist (that) = nhất quyết (rằng) request/ ask (that) = yêu cầu (rằng) suggest/ propose (that) = đề nghị (rằng) recommend (that) = giới thiệu/tiến cử (rằng) advise (that) = khuyên (rằng)
Một số thành ngữ thông dụng theo sau là thì giả định hiện tại là:
it is important (that) = điều quan trọng là it is necessary (that) = điều cần thiết là it is essential (that) = điều thiết yếu là it is vital (that) = điều quan trọng là it is imperative (that) = điều cấp bách là Ví dụ:
- The teacher demands that we be on time.
(Thầy giáo yêu cầu chúng em phải đúng giờ.) - I insisted that he pay me the money.
(Tôi nhất quyết yêu cầu anh ta trả tôi số tiền đó.) - It is important that they be told the truth.
(Điều quan trọng là họ phải được cho biết sự thật.)
BÀI TẬP QUÁ KHỨ GIÀ ĐỊNH VÀ THỨC GIÀ ĐỊNH
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Yesterday I met a very beautiful girl I really want to see her again but I don’t know how to go about it. I wish _________ .
A. I didn’t meet her yesterday B. I had known her address C. I knew her address D. I will meet her tomorrow 2. I wish you _____ to me before you went and bought that car.
A. spoke B. have spoken
C. had spoken D. would have spoken
3. I wish I ________ that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him.
A. had known B. know C. knew D. have known
4. If only he ______ harder, he wouldn’t have lost his job.
A. worked B. would work C. had worked D. has worked 5. He always talks as though he _______ a public meeting.
A. addressing B. addressed
C. were addressing D. is addressing
6. He talks as if he _______all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
A. was doing B. had done C. did D. has done
7. If only we ________ a car. I’m tired of the bad service of public transport.
A. were B. had C. have D. are
8. If only we ______ more time, we could have seen more of the country.
A. would have had B. have had
C. had had D. had
9. She treats us as if we ______ all idiots.
A. are B. had been C. have been D. were
10. The cheese looks as if rats ______ it.
A. nibbled B. were being nibbled
C. had nibbled D. nibbling
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I wish I _____ so much money when I was in town yesterday.
A. wouldn’t have spent B. hadn’t spent
C. wouldn’t spend D. didn’t spend
2. You talk as though it _____ a small thing to leave your country forever.
A. is B. were C. will be D. wouldbe
3. Everybody feels sorry for him and says that “If only he ________ more time revising.”
A. should have spent B. would have spent
C. had spent D. spent
4. He looks as though he ________ a square meal in his life, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.
A. has never got B. never gets
C. never got D. had never got
5. If only he ________ accept some help with the work instead of trying research.
A. can B. may C. would D. were
6. If only he ________ told us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong.
A. had B. has C. would have D. should have
7. I wish I ________ to rewrite my essay. only made it worse.
A. wouldn’t have tried B. wouldn’t try
C. hadn’t tried D. didn’t try
8. I wish I ________ you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
A. can lend B. would lend C. could lend D. will lend
9. Last year the potato harvest was very disappointing but this year it looks __________
we shall have a better crop.
A. as though B. like that C. like D. to be that 10. That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I _______ eyes in him.
A. would never have set B. had never set C. would have never set D. would have set
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
insist (that) = nhất quyết (rằng) request/ ask (that) = yêu cầu (rằng) suggest/ propose (that) = đề nghị (rằng) recommend (that) = giới thiệu/tiến cử (rằng) advise (that) = khuyên (rằng)
Một số thành ngữ thông dụng theo sau là thì giả định hiện tại là:
it is important (that) = điều quan trọng là it is necessary (that) = điều cần thiết là it is essential (that) = điều thiết yếu là it is vital (that) = điều quan trọng là it is imperative (that) = điều cấp bách là Ví dụ:
- The teacher demands that we be on time.
(Thầy giáo yêu cầu chúng em phải đúng giờ.) - I insisted that he pay me the money.
(Tôi nhất quyết yêu cầu anh ta trả tôi số tiền đó.) - It is important that they be told the truth.
(Điều quan trọng là họ phải được cho biết sự thật.)
BÀI TẬP QUÁ KHỨ GIÀ ĐỊNH VÀ THỨC GIÀ ĐỊNH
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Yesterday I met a very beautiful girl I really want to see her again but I don’t know how to go about it. I wish _________ .
A. I didn’t meet her yesterday B. I had known her address C. I knew her address D. I will meet her tomorrow 2. I wish you _____ to me before you went and bought that car.
A. spoke B. have spoken
C. had spoken D. would have spoken
3. I wish I ________ that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him.
A. had known B. know C. knew D. have known
4. If only he ______ harder, he wouldn’t have lost his job.
A. worked B. would work C. had worked D. has worked 5. He always talks as though he _______ a public meeting.
A. addressing B. addressed
C. were addressing D. is addressing
6. He talks as if he _______all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
A. was doing B. had done C. did D. has done
7. If only we ________ a car. I’m tired of the bad service of public transport.
A. were B. had C. have D. are
8. If only we ______ more time, we could have seen more of the country.
A. would have had B. have had
C. had had D. had
9. She treats us as if we ______ all idiots.
A. are B. had been C. have been D. were
10. The cheese looks as if rats ______ it.
A. nibbled B. were being nibbled
C. had nibbled D. nibbling
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I wish I _____ so much money when I was in town yesterday.
A. wouldn’t have spent B. hadn’t spent
C. wouldn’t spend D. didn’t spend
2. You talk as though it _____ a small thing to leave your country forever.
A. is B. were C. will be D. wouldbe
3. Everybody feels sorry for him and says that “If only he ________ more time revising.”
A. should have spent B. would have spent
C. had spent D. spent
4. He looks as though he ________ a square meal in his life, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.
A. has never got B. never gets
C. never got D. had never got
5. If only he ________ accept some help with the work instead of trying research.
A. can B. may C. would D. were
6. If only he ________ told us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong.
A. had B. has C. would have D. should have
7. I wish I ________ to rewrite my essay. only made it worse.
A. wouldn’t have tried B. wouldn’t try
C. hadn’t tried D. didn’t try
8. I wish I ________ you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
A. can lend B. would lend C. could lend D. will lend
9. Last year the potato harvest was very disappointing but this year it looks __________
we shall have a better crop.
A. as though B. like that C. like D. to be that 10. That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I _______ eyes in him.
A. would never have set B. had never set C. would have never set D. would have set
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. When he is asked to say about it, it is clear that he knows nothing about their secret but they treat him as if he ________ all about it.
A. knew B. had known C. would know D. must know
2. I feel terrible. The heavy truck raced by me at full speed. I feel as if I _______ over.
A. was run B. have been run
C. had been run D. was being run
3. She speaks English as though it ______ her native language.
A. is B. being C. were D. be
4. My sister says she can’t come to the party with us. We wish she ______ her mind and ________ to come with us.
A. changed - decided B. would change - decide
C. will change - decide D. had changed - decided
5. The cat turned her head toward John and looked at him quizzically, almost as if she _________ what he said.
A. understands B. understood
C. had understood D. would have understood
6. This evening the surface of the lake is completely still. It looks as if it __________ of glass.
A. is made B. was made
C. were made D. has been made
7. Why didn’t you tell me about this before? I certainly wish I _______ earlier.
A. would be informed B. was informed
C. were informed D. had been informed
8. I know a farmer who talks to his animals as if they ________ people.
A. are B. would be C. were D. had been
9. Ann is grown up now. You shouldn’t speak to her as if she _______ a child.
A. is B. were C. had been D. would be
10. We became good friends almost immediately. After talking to each other for only a short time, we felt as if we ________ each other all of our lives.
A. knew B. had known C. know D. have known
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. It is important that he ________ well in his exam.
A. does B. did C. do D. will do
2. I requested that he ________ because he was making so much noise.
A. should have left B. must have left
C. should leave D. would leave
3. The local council recommended that John ______ to the head of the department.
A. is appointed B. was appointed
C. be appointed D. could be appointed
4. It’s necessary that the train ________ on time.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. be
5. Rose suggested _______ a suit and tie when he went for the interview.
A. him to wear B. he wear
C. he must wear D. that he wears
6. She urged that her husband ________ the letter.
A. write B. wrote C. had written D. has written 7. The doctor recommended that John _______ for a couple of days.
A. could rest B. might rest C. must rest D.rest 8. The officer demanded that the soldiers _______ the hill.
A. captured B. would capture C. had captured D. capture 9. We suggested that she ______ the 10.30 train immediately.
A. take B. may take C. might take D.has to take
10. Our teacher insists that we _______ more careful in our writings.
A. are B. were C. would be D.be
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The movie director insisted that everything about his productions ______ authentic.
A. would be B. is C. can be D.be
2. It is essential that pollution ______ and eventually ______ . A. must be controlled - must be eliminated
B. be controlled - be eliminated C. is controlled - is eliminated D. Both B and c are correct
3. The students requested that the test _______ , but the professor decided against a postponement.
A. be postponed B. must be postponed
C. postponed D. could be postponed
4. The director recommended that all the staff ________ anyone outside the company during the training session.
A. do not contact B. cannot contact
C. must not contact D. not contact
5. The recommendation that all people affected by the storm_______ immediately was approved.
A. must be evacuated B. be evacuated
C. ought to be evacuated D. had to be evacuated 6. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby ______ after her husband’s father.
A. could be named B. be named
C. must be named D. ought to be named
1. When he is asked to say about it, it is clear that he knows nothing about their secret but they treat him as if he ________ all about it.
A. knew B. had known C. would know D. must know
2. I feel terrible. The heavy truck raced by me at full speed. I feel as if I _______ over.
A. was run B. have been run
C. had been run D. was being run
3. She speaks English as though it ______ her native language.
A. is B. being C. were D. be
4. My sister says she can’t come to the party with us. We wish she ______ her mind and ________ to come with us.
A. changed - decided B. would change - decide
C. will change - decide D. had changed - decided
5. The cat turned her head toward John and looked at him quizzically, almost as if she _________ what he said.
A. understands B. understood
C. had understood D. would have understood
6. This evening the surface of the lake is completely still. It looks as if it __________ of glass.
A. is made B. was made
C. were made D. has been made
7. Why didn’t you tell me about this before? I certainly wish I _______ earlier.
A. would be informed B. was informed
C. were informed D. had been informed
8. I know a farmer who talks to his animals as if they ________ people.
A. are B. would be C. were D. had been
9. Ann is grown up now. You shouldn’t speak to her as if she _______ a child.
A. is B. were C. had been D. would be
10. We became good friends almost immediately. After talking to each other for only a short time, we felt as if we ________ each other all of our lives.
A. knew B. had known C. know D. have known
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. It is important that he ________ well in his exam.
A. does B. did C. do D. will do
2. I requested that he ________ because he was making so much noise.
A. should have left B. must have left
C. should leave D. would leave
3. The local council recommended that John ______ to the head of the department.
A. is appointed B. was appointed
C. be appointed D. could be appointed
4. It’s necessary that the train ________ on time.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. be
5. Rose suggested _______ a suit and tie when he went for the interview.
A. him to wear B. he wear
C. he must wear D. that he wears
6. She urged that her husband ________ the letter.
A. write B. wrote C. had written D. has written 7. The doctor recommended that John _______ for a couple of days.
A. could rest B. might rest C. must rest D.rest 8. The officer demanded that the soldiers _______ the hill.
A. captured B. would capture C. had captured D. capture 9. We suggested that she ______ the 10.30 train immediately.
A. take B. may take C. might take D.has to take
10. Our teacher insists that we _______ more careful in our writings.
A. are B. were C. would be D.be
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The movie director insisted that everything about his productions ______ authentic.
A. would be B. is C. can be D.be
2. It is essential that pollution ______ and eventually ______ . A. must be controlled - must be eliminated
B. be controlled - be eliminated C. is controlled - is eliminated D. Both B and c are correct
3. The students requested that the test _______ , but the professor decided against a postponement.
A. be postponed B. must be postponed
C. postponed D. could be postponed
4. The director recommended that all the staff ________ anyone outside the company during the training session.
A. do not contact B. cannot contact
C. must not contact D. not contact
5. The recommendation that all people affected by the storm_______ immediately was approved.
A. must be evacuated B. be evacuated
C. ought to be evacuated D. had to be evacuated 6. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby ______ after her husband’s father.
A. could be named B. be named
C. must be named D. ought to be named