3.3.1. Characteristics of growth, development and yield in the models
Results of actual yield monitoring in the models showed that real yields between treatments in coastal sandy ranged from 27,71 to 33,94 quintals per hectare. In which formula
3 (02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + 50% Trichoderma + 50% Pseudomonas) had the highest net yield (33,94 kg per hectare), formula I (Control 1) and formula II (Control 2) had lower net yields, respectively 29,27 quintals per hectare and 27,71 quintals per hectare. In dedgraded soils, the actual yield ranged from 26,37 to 32,12 quintals per hectare, the formula with the highest net yield was formula III (02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + 30% Trichoderma + 70% Pseudomonas) with 32,12 quintals per ha and the lowest is formula II (26,37 quintals per hectare).
Table 3.18. Effects of organic fertilizer with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas compositions on agronomic characters and groundnut yield in the models.
Treatm ents
Targets
Symbols
Growing time (day)
Main plant height
(cm)
Number of the first
stems (branches)
Length of the first
stems (cm)
Effective flower
ratio (%)
Actual yield (quintals/
hectare)
Actual yield versus control
(%)
C1 C2
Coastal sandy
I C1 101 43,60 4,63 46,46 24,89 29,27 - 5,63
II C2 100 37,13 4,70 40,56 26,68 27,71 -5,33 -
III TP(50:50) 99 37,36 5,93 41,53 29,58 33,94 15,95 22,48 Dedgraded soil
I C1 102 24,33 4,80 28,46 23,61 27,00 - 2,39
II C2 101 26,76 4,40 28,46 20,44 26,37 -2,33 -
III TP(30:70) 100 27,73 5,87 37,52 22,35 32,12 18,96 21,81 3.3.2. Pests and diseases situation on the models
Table 3.19. Effects of organic compost on Trichoderma and Pseudomonas on pest and disease resistance in models.
Treatments Symbols Deep (cub/m2) Rate of disease (%)
Agrotis ipsilon
Helicoverba armigera
Spodoptera litura
Aspergillus niger
Coastal sandy
I C1 2,67 13,33 5,33 4,61
II C2 1,67 12,67 3,00 4,22
III TP(50:50) 0,67 8,00 1,33 1,73
Dedgraded soil
I C1 2,00 14,67 5,00 4,60
II C2 2,67 13,00 2,67 3,53
III TP(30:70) 0,33 7,00 1,67 1,75
The results of a large-scale production model also show that organic formulations of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in combination (formula III) have low pest and disease incidence rates, It is lower than the formula using only manure and chemical fertilizer (Control 1) as well as the formula using organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, do not use preparations (Control 2).
3.3.3. Economic efficiency of organic fertilizer application models with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in groundnut production in Thua Thien Hue
Table 3.20. Economic benefits of using organic fertilizer with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas for groundnut in Thua Thien Hue
Treatments Targets
Symbols
Total expenditure
(VND/ha)
Total revenue (VND/ha)
Benefit (VND/ha)
VCR (Times) Coastal sandy
I C1 25.726.000 73.175.000 47.449.000 2,84
II C2 21.726.000 69.275.000 47.549.000 3,19
II TP(50:50) 21.950.000 84.850.000 62.900.000 3,87 Dedgraded soil
I C1 25.726.000 67.500.000 41.774.000 2,62
II C2 21.726.000 65.925.000 44.199.000 3,03
III TP(30:70) 21.950.000 80.300.000 58.350.000 3,66 Note: The selling price of dried groundnuts is 25,000 VND/kg (May 2016)
The results of the large-scale application at the two study sites again confirmed the application of 02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + Trichoderma and Pseudomonas at at 50:50 on coastal sandy and the formula of 02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + Trichoderma and Pseudomonas at 30:70 on dedgraded soil is the best formulation for the plant. Better growth, less pest infestation, higher net yields and higher economic efficiency than control formulas.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Conclude
4.1.1. Pot experiment
Applying organic fertilizer with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas influences on growth, development and yield of potted groundnuts on both soil types.
- Coastal sandy, formula VI (TP 50:50) has the highest individual yield (6,97 g/plant). The formula with the individual yields similar to control 2 was formula IV (6,22 g/plant) and formula V (6,27 g/plant), control formula 2 reached 6,14 g/plant.
- Dedgraded soil, formula V (TP 30:70) achieved the highest individual yield (5,56 g/plant), followed by formula VI (5,10 g/plant) and formula IV 5,14 g/plant). The formulas with individual yields similar to control 2 were formula III (4,77 g/plant), formula VII (4,88 g/plant), and control formula 2 (4,78 g/plant).
4.1.2. Field experiments
- Coastal sandy, formula VI (TP50: 50) achieved the highest productivity and economic efficiency in both seasons. Winter-spring crop, productivity reached 27,25 quintals/hectare and economic efficiency reached 46.175.000 VND/hectare. Summer-autumn crop yield reached 15,95 quintals/hectare and economic efficiency reached 17.925.000 VND/hectare. Meanwhile, control 2 yielded 22,83 quintals/hectare and 11,54 quintals/hectare, with economic efficiency of 35.349.000 VND/hectare and 7.244.000 VND/hectare respectively.
- Dedgraded soil, formula V (TP30: 70) achieved the highest productivity and economic efficiency in both seasons. Winter-spring crop, productivity 26,45 quintals/hectare and economic efficiency reached 44.175.000 VND/hectare. Summer-autumn crop yields reached 14,39 quintals/hectare and economic efficiency reached 14.025.000 VND/hectare. Meanwhile, control 2 yielded 20,85 quintals/hectare and 10,85 quintals/hectare, economic efficiency reached 30.399.000 VND/hectare and 5.399.000 VND/hectare respectively in 2 crops.
- Using organic fertilizers and bio-products for groundnut in coastal sandys in Quang Loi and dedgraded soil in Tu Ha, Thua Thien Hue has improved the soil chemistry. Increased organic content, total N content and especially potassium exchange.
4.1.3. Production model
The application of research results at two sites showed that groundnut growth, better growth, less pest infestation, productivity and economic efficiency were higher than the control models. Modeled on coastal sandy, profit was 62.900.000 VND/hectare and cultivated VCR was 3,87 times. The model on dedgraded soils has a profit of 58.350.000 VND/hectare and cultivation VCRs of 3,66 times.
The experiments in pots, 8 experiments in the field through 4 crops and replicated the best results in the demonstration models in two research sites have confirmed the formula of 02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + Trichoderma and Pseudomonas at 50:50 on coastal sandys and 02 tons Bokashi organic fertilizer + 40 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O + 400 kg lime + Trichoderma and Pseudomonas at 30:70 on dedgraded soil are the two best formulas for groundnut in terms of growth, development, pest and disease resistance, physiology, productivity and economic efficiency. As well as some biological and chemical indicators on coastal sandy and dedgraded soil in Thua Thien Hue.
4.2. Suggest
- Bokashi organic fertilizer with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas compositions of the project was evaluated for use in L14 groundnut cultivar in coastal sandy and dedgraded soil in Thua Thien Hue. In order to be widely used, field experiments should be continued for other groundnut varieties in different locations.
- Further research on the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on groundnut quality should be made more conclusive.