3.3.1. The relationship between depressive symptom and general characteristics
Table 3.8: The relationship between depressive symptom and grade Depressive Symptom
Grade
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p
1st grade 26 (36,6) 45 (63,4) 71
0,944 2nd grade 34 (34,0) 66 (66,0) 100
3rd grade 28 (36,8) 48 (63,2) 76 4th grade 46 (40,4) 68 (59,6) 114 5th grade 26 (34,7) 49 (65,3) 75 6th grade 29 (38,7) 46 (61,3) 75 Total n(%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
Comment: All student groups have the percentage of depression symptom less than 50%. The difference between the depressive symptom and grades is not statistically significant, with p-value =0,944.
Table 3.9:The relationship between depressive symptom and gender Depressive
Symptom Gender
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p* OR
(95% CI)
Female 124
(35,8) 222 (64,2) 346
0,496 1,16
(0,79-1,71) Male 65 (39,4) 100 (60,6) 165
Total n (%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
* Chi-Square test
Comment: The percentage of male students having signs of depression is slightly higher compared to that of female, with 39,4% and 35,8%
respectively. The difference between the percentage of male and female getting depressive symptom is not significant, with p>0,05.
Table 3.10: The relationship between depressive symptom and religion
Depressive symptom Religion
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p* OR
(95%CI)
Yes 11 (30,6) 25 (69,4) 36 0,516 1,362
(0,654-2,835) No 178 (37,5) 297 (62,5) 475
Total n (%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
* Chi-Square test
Comment: The percentage of depressive symptom among irreligious students is 37,5%, while the religious group accounts for 30,6%. However, the difference between religion and depressive signs is not statistically significant with p-value > 0,05.
Table 3.11: The relationship between depressive symptom and current residence
Depressive symptom Current residence
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p
Living with
parents/relatives 21 (39,6) 32 (60,4) 53
0,907 In campus’s hostel 21 (37,5) 35 (62,5) 56
Renting a room 147 (36,6) 255 (63,4) 402 Total n (%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
Comment: Students living with their parents or relatives getting a depressive symptom accounts for the highest percentage (39,6%), while, students living
in dormitories having signs of depression occupies 37,5%. Besides, the lowest group of current residence is living at the rented room, with 36,6%.
However the difference is not statistically significant, with p > 0,05.
Table 3.12: The relationship between depressive symptom and parents’
marital status Depressive
symptom Parents’ marital status
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p
Living together 176 (37,1)
299
(62,9) 475
0,537 Separated and divorced 7 (46,7) 8 (53,3) 15
Loss 6 (28,6) 15 (71,4) 21
Total n (%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
Comment: The percentage of depressive symptom in the students having separated, divorced parents is the highest (46,7%), whereas students showing depressive symptom when parents’ marital status is loss and living together with 28,6% and 37,1%, respectively. However, the difference between parents’ marital status and depressive signs is not statistically significant with p-value > 0,05.
Table 3.13: The relationship between depressive symptom and family residence
Depressive symptom Family residence
Yes n (%)
No
n(%) Total p*
Urban area 27 (35,5) 49 (64,5) 76 0,78
Rural area 162 (37,2) 273 (62,8) 435
Total n(%) 189 (37) 322 (63) 511
* Chi-Square test
Comment: Students getting depressive symptom occupies 37,2% if their families live in rural areas, while percentage the student with the depressive symptom accounts for 35,5% if their families stay in the city, however, the difference between family residence and the depressive symptom is not statistically significant, p-value >0,05.
3.3.2. The relationship between depressive symptom and stressful life events Table 3.14: The relationship between friends, society and depressive symptom
Depressive symptom
Yes n (%)
No n (%)
Total p* OR
(95%CI)
Factor
Troubles in finding new
friends
Yes 100 (55,2) 81 (44,8) 181 No 89 (27) 241 (73) 330 Trouble in
making social activities
Yes 130 (46,1) 152 (53,9) 282 No 59 (25,8) 170 (74,2) 229 Conflict with
roommate
Yes 55 (51,4) 52 (48,6) 107 No 134 (33,2) 270 (66,8) 404 Death of a
friend
Yes 13 (52) 12 (48) 25 No 176 (36,2) 310 (63,8) 486 Finished the
relationship with love
Yes 42 (55,3) 34 (44,7) 76 No 147 (33,8) 288 (66,2) 435 Difficulties in
finance
Yes 26 (68,4) 12 (31,6) 38 No 163 (34,5) 310 (65,5) 473 Difficulties in
accommodati on
Yes 33 (64,7) 18 (35,3) 51 No 156 (33,9) 304 (66,1) 460
* Chi-Square test
Comment: Result shows that the proportion of depressive signs of students
“Troubles in finding new friends” is 3,34 times higher (95% CI: 2,29-4,89),
“Trouble in making social activities” is 2,46 times higher (95% CI: 1,69-3.6) compared with those without these troubles, with p <0,01. The proportion students “Conflicts with roommates” having signs of depression is 2,13 times higher (95% CI: 1,38-3,28), “Finished the relationship with love” is 2,42 times higher (95% CI: 1,48-3,97) than with those without elements, with p
<0,05, “Difficulties in finance” is 4,12 times higher (95% CI: 2,02- 8,38),
“Difficulties in accommodation” is 3,57 times higher (95% CI: 1,95-6,55)
compared with those without such difficulties, with p <0,001. The percentage of the depressive symptom of students “Death of a friend” (52%) is higher than those without having the death of a friend (36,2%), but the difference is not statistically significant, with p> 0,05.
Table 3.15: The relationship between the family factors and depressive symptom
Depressive symptom Factor
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p* OR
(95% CI) Death of a
close family
Yes 28 (43,8) 36 (56,3) 64 No 161 (36,0) 286 (64,0) 447 Trouble
with Yes 54 (52,9) 48 (47,1) 102 No 135 (33,0) 274 (67,0) 409
* Chi-Square test
Comment: The proportion of students having “Trouble with parents” getting depressive symptom is 2,28 (95% CI: 1,47 to 3,55) times higher than group without “Trouble with parent”, with p <0,001. However, the percentage of students having ''Death of a close family member" with depressive symptom is 43,8%, higher than those without such factors (36,0%), this difference is not statistically significant, with p> 0,05.
3.3.3. The relationship between depressive symptom and personal factors Table 3.16: The relationship between depressive symptom and personal
factors
Depressive symptom Factors
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p-value OR (95% CI) Change in
sleeping habits
Yes 121 (41,9) 168 (58,1) 289 No 68 (30,6) 154 (69,4) 222 Change in
eating habits
Yes 110 (45,1) 134 (54,9) 244 No 79 (29,6) 188 (70,4) 267 Practice an
exercise
Yes 111 (53,4) 97 (46,6) 208 No 78 (25,7) 225 (74,3) 303 Having a
part-time job
Yes 46 (37,1) 78 (62,9) 124 No 143 (37,0) 244 (63,0) 387 Engagement/
Marriage
Yes 7 (70,0) 3 (30,0) 10 No 182 (36,3) 319 (63,7) 501 Severe injury Yes 15 (48,4) 16 (51,6) 31
No 174 (36,3) 306 (63,8) 480
* Chi-Square test, ** Fisher’s Exact test
Comment: The result shows that the proportion students having depressive symptom getting “Change in sleeping habits” is 1,63 times higher (95% CI:
1,13 - 2,36), students “Change in eating habits” is 1,95 times higher (95% CI:
1,36 - 2,81) compared with those without such changes, “no practicing exercise” is 3,30 times higher (95% CI: 2,27 - 4,80) than those practicing exercise, with p<0,001. Students getting depressive symptom having
“Engagement/Marriage” is 4,09 times higher (95% CI: 1,05-16,01) than those without married/engagement, with p<0,05. The percentage students getting depressive signs having “Having a part-time job” is 37,1%, and students no having a part-time job is 37% and the students having "serious injury" is
48,8% higher compared with those without this factor (36,3%), however, the difference is not statistically significant with p>0,05.
3.3.4. Relationship between depressive symptom and study-related factors Table 3.17: The relationship between the study-related factors and
depressive symptom Depressive
symptom Factor
Yes n (%)
No
n (%) Total p* OR
(95% CI) Academic
grade point Low 149 (39,5) 228(60,5) 377 High 40 (29,9) 94 (70,1) 134 Satisfaction
of study No 135(41,9) 187(58,1) 322 Yes 54 (28,6) 135 (71,4) 189 Failing in
exam Yes 99 (39,3) 153 (60,7) 252 No 90 (34,7) 169 (65,3) 259 Breaking
university Yes 19 (57,6) 14 (42,4) 33 No 170 (35,6) 308 (64,4) 478 Argument
with
Yes 13 (56,5) 10 (43,5) 23 No 176 (36,1) 312 (63,9) 488 Choosing
the study Yes 23 (47,9) 25 (52,1) 48 No 166 (35,9) 297 (64,1) 463
* Chi-Square test
Comment: The result shows that the proportion of students with low academic grade point average experiencing depressive symptom is 1,54 times higher (95% CI: 1,15 – 2,35) compared with those higher academic average
score, with p < 0,05. The students are not satisfied with their performance having signs of depression is 1,85 times higher than (95% CI: 1,23 - 2,65) compared with those satisfaction of study,with p < 0,01. The rate having signs of depression in students breaking university regulation is 2,46 times higher than (95% CI: 1,202 – 5,03) compared with those no breaking the rules at p <
0,05. The percentage of depressive signs of students failing in exam with 39,3% are higher than the those without failing in exam (34,7%), the student argues with the instructor (56,5%) is higher than those without (36,1%),
“Choosing the study major again” students accounts for 47,9%, higher than among those without (35,9%), however, the difference is not statistically significant with p > 0,05.
CHAPTER 4