A SENTENCE BASIC SENTENCES
Nguai hoc se tim thay a phan nay nhirng qui luat dcm gian de viet mot cau khong gap kho khan. Cac sach giao khoa a My thu gon cac cach viet thanh 5 basic sentences.
Parts o f a sentence
A nh ngir la thu tieng noi va viet uyen ehuyen (flexible) ve van pham va luon luon thay doi theo thcri gian (with time). Song, ngudi hoc (learner) co the ap dung mot so nguyen tac (principles) va quan sat (observe) cac cach dung tir va cach cau true cau (doc sach) thi khi noi hay viet tieng Anh (Standard English) se tuang doi dung (relatively correct) qui tac van pham. Phan dau cua cuon sach nay (Parts o f Speech) da noi ve chuc nang cac loai tir ngu (grammatical terms / elements), nhirng phan tiep theo se noi ve nhung dieu can thiet de nguai hoe (learner: highschool student, college student, autodidact) biet la noi hoac viet dung hay sai van pham.
(Standard English: The written and spoken language of educated people)
Parts of a sentence
Trong phan nay, nguai hoc se lam quen them vai nhirng grammatical terms, bat dau vai cac tir sentence va clause de phan tich dac tinh van pham. Sentence (cau) la mot s6 tir noi hoac viet ghep chung lai theo thu tu (orderly) ciing vcri chirc nang (function) cua timg tir de dien ta y tuang hay viec lam ma nguai doc hay nguai
nghe hieu dugc. Clause (menh de) la mot so tir gom subject va nhung tir theo sau noi ve subject la gi hay lam gi (predicate). Mot cau co the gom nhieu menh de.
Nhieu nguai hoc tieng Anh lam ngon ngu thir hai (ESL or English as a second language), va nhieu sinh vien a nuac My nghi rang loi cau true cac cau cua tieng Anh phirc tap, cam thay mung lung khi doc va lung tung khi viet. Song, thuc ra chi co mot so the cach can ban (basic patterns), vi ngon ngu nao cung vay, dan gian hay phirc tap la tuy a nguai viet (van chuang cung nhu ky thuat).
6 My, nhieu sach giao khoa (textbook) thu gon thanh 5 kieu mau (pattern). N guai hoc nhan xet cac mau nay de biet cau tao cac cau khac nhau theo van pham can ban, roi sau nay khi doc sach se t u tim ra nhung cach viet (style) khac nhau cua timg nguai viet.
FIVE BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
Tat ca moi cach viet (style) du dai hay du phuc tap deu co the rut gon khi phan tich chuc nang van pham cua cac loai tu ngu. Trong 5 kieu mau can ban duoi day
subject luon luon la noun hay pronoun, su khac biet giua cac mau chi la phan theo sau subject (predicate), va transitive verb hay intransitive verb (xcm lai 4 DO N G ICT a phan truac).
Subject Predicate
P r e d ic a te g o m :
Dong tu (Verb) hay cum dong tic (verbal phrase) Bo ngicva tan n gu (Complements, objects, modifiers) Tat ca cac chuc nang nay nam a phan hai (theo sau subject) cua mot cau hay menh de.
Pattern 1 duai day se chi gom subject va verb, dcm gian nh§t trong moi cach viet. Song, qui luat nay (rule) se luon luon la dac tinh can ban cho cac pattern khac.
Pattern 1 Subject. Verb
Children run.
The woman arrived. The snow fell.
The sun rises.
Observation: Dong tir la intransitive verb / noi dong tir (tat ca cac dong tir trong cac cau tren), va khong can co
tan ngu (object). Song, Pattern 1 luon luon co cac cau dai hon voi cac loai tir co chuc nang phu nhu adverbial: where, when, how.
Your friends are in the front hall, (adverb of place) They will come later, (adverb o f time)
She sings beautifully, (adverb o f manner)
Sometimes the neighborhood children run happily down the street, (sometimes / adverb of time; happily / adverb o f manner; down the street / adverb of place)
Qui tac dac biet
. Verb dung truac subject : Cach viet duai day thuang thay trong pattern 1.
Behind the house stood (verb) an old tree (subject). In the jungle lived (verb) the lion (subject).
Suddenly there came (verb) a cry (subject) for help.
. Expletives :
Co nhieu cau bat dau voi nhung tir there hay it
(expletive/hu tu). Nhirng hu tu nay khong co chuc nang van pham ma chi la chu bat dau cau, va subject trong cau luon luon a phia sau:
There are (verb) ten persons (subject) in this house. It is dangerous (predicate) to p e t a lion (subject).
Pattern 2
Verbs dung 6 pattern 2 nay deu la action verbs
(transitive), theo sau can co direct object; nghia la subject va verb trong cau loai nay can phdi (must) cho biet lam gi (what) hay la ai (whom) thi cau moi du nghTa (a com plete sentence). Va direct object luon luon la noun hay noun equivalent nhu pronoun.
Subject. Verb. Direct Object
Children play games. Aviators fly airplanes. Aviators love to fly. Someone insulted her. They threw stones at us.
Pattern 3
Verbs dung trong Pattern 3 nay se doi khi la transitive verb, doi khi la linking verb, va a pattern nay nguai hoc se lam quen them voi nhung grammatical terms moi nhu
direct object, indirect object, object complement, subjective com plement (se giai thich voi cac cau duoi
Subject. Verb. Subjective Com plement
Linking Verb
The boy is a genius, (noun) The girl is clever, (adjective) She is an actress, (noun) She is unhappy, (adjective)
Explanation: Noun, adjective a nhung cau tren day mo ta / noi them ve subjects: the boy, the girl, va she. Do do, co tir bo nglua cho chu ngir, goi la subjective complement. Do la cac tir voi chi'rc nang van pham de lam mot cau co du nghia (meaning) va dung van pham (correct in grammar).
Other linking verbs
Mot so verb dung trong cac cau thi du duoi day thuoc nhom "other linking verbs" (xem lai 4.Verbs a phan truac). N guai hoc cung se tim thay noun hay adjective
(subjective complement) theo sau subject va verb. The weather turned colder.
I grew weary o f his talking. Mr. Smith looks healthy.
Later he became an accountant. She remains a very good student.
Thi du cac cau ngan noi ve subjective complement.
Tiep theo tai cac cau dai han de phan tich chuc nang van pham cua timg nhom tir trong mot cau (parts o f a sentence):
Subject. Verb. Direct Object. Object Complement
Henry called Bob a true friend. (adjective + noun)
The committee appointed Mr. Smith president, (noun)
People made him angry. (adjective)
I believe it necessary. (adjective)
Explanation: Bob a cau 1, Mr. Smith a cau 2, him a cau 3, va it a cau 4 la d ir e c t o b je c t. Cac noun hay adjective theo sau cac direct object do de mo ta (describe/explain), noi ro them (tell more about) direct object do, nen goi la o b je c t c o m p le m e n t.
Pattern 4
Pattern 4 nay co 2 complements, nghTa la co indirect object va direct object. Direct object la ngudi nhan hanh dong (the receiver) cho biet who hay what sau transitive verb. Indirect object cho biet hanh dong cua verb do lam cho ai hay cho viec gi (to whom / which hay fo r whom / which). Do do, cau loai nay se la :
Subject. Verb. Indirect Object. Direct Object
The clerk gave me a refund. He gives his parents pleasure.
My sister sent me a gift.
Observation: Trong cau loai nay: (1) indirect object va direct object luon luon di ciing nhau, va indirect object luon luon dung truac direct object, (cac loai ngu trong pattern nay luon luon theo thu tu S.V.IO.DO).
(2) Indirect object a 3 cau tren la me va his (person). Song, a cac truang hap khac indirect object (10) co the la thu khac (thing).
I will give your application a careful consideration. Prepositional Phrase
D uai day la nhung verb thuang dung trong Pattern 4 nay: allow, assign, ask, tell, write, send, show, pay, grant, and so on, va preposition thuang la to hay for.
Observation:
I sent him the money, (indirect object, Pattern 4) I sent the money to him , (him is an object of a preposition [to, Pattern 2])
M other bought us some chocolate. (Pattern 4) M other bought some chocolate for us. (Pattern 2)
P a tte rn 5
Co hai complements khi viet cac cau thuoc Pattern 5. Complement a gan verb se la direct object, va complement a xa verb se la objective complement.
object la ai / la gi, hay la adjective de mo ta direct object
ra sao. Do do, pattern loai nay se viet voi dang:
Subject. Verb. Direct Object. Objective Complement
The teacher considers his student a genius, (noun) The parent think their child clever, (adjective) The work made Henry an artist, (noun)
N ote: Doi khi co the viet objective complement ngay sau verb; nghia la objective c o m p le m e n t (a d jc c tiv c ) ctiiiig truac direct object.
He set fr e e (OC) the caged animals (DO)
thay vi cach dung thong thuang: He set the caged animals free.
S U M M A R Y Pattern 1 : S.V Pattern 2 : S. V. DO Pattern 3 : S. V. SC S. V. DO. OC Pattern 4 : S. V. IO. DO Pattern 5 : S. V. DO.OC
V. CLAUSES
Sau khi nam bat dugc cau tao cac cau ca ban, phan nay se giai thieu viec m a rong mot cau vcri nhieu loai menh de. Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Independent Clause Dependent Clause Noun Clause Adjective Clause Appositives Adverbial Clause
CLA U SES
M ot nhom tir vai chuc nang van pham (subject va verb...) hap thanh mot clause. Mot cau co the gom mot hay nhieu clause. Thi du duai day la mot cau co 2 clause:
F an n ers worked hard, and crops thrived, s v adv s v
clause 1 “*
Co hai loai clause:
1. main clauses, cung goi la independent clauses
2. subordinate clauses, cung goi la dependent clauses
Neu mot clause hoi du dieu kien van pham de dung mot minh (alone) thi goi la main clause (independent clause). Mot cau phai co (it nhat) mot subject, va verb(s)... (predicate / xem lai 5 Basic Sentence Patterns); nghia la c^n co it nhat mot main clause.
N£u mot clause khong dung dugc mot minh nhu mot cau thi goi la subordinate clause (dependent clause).
Nghia la subordinate clause chua noi het dugc y, chua du nghia (not complete); do do, can co main clause trong cau thi moi noi het dugc y, du nghia (a complete sentence).
O b s e r v a t i o n :
When I went to school, I studied my lessons, (clause thu nh4t la subordinate [dependent] clause)
Note: BSt cu clause nao bat dau bang mot trong nhirng subordinating word: what, that, who, which, when, since, before, after, i f se d£u la subordinate clause (dependent
clause).
Observation:
U p prnnnmv grew when farms prospered.
main clause subordinate clause
Clause thu nhat noi het dugc y, du nghia va co the dung mot minh nhu mot cau. The econom y grew la mot main clause. Clause thu 2, when farms prospered co ve con muon noi them gi nua mac du co subject va verb... (predicate). Clause thu 2 khong dung duoc mot minh nhu mot cau vi clause nay bat dau voi tir when (subordinating word).
Simple Sentence & Compound Sentence
Mot cau chi co mot clause thi goi la simple sentence.
Subject co the la mot compound subject, va predicate co the co compound verb. Ca subject va verb co the dugc mo ta them bang cac chuc nang van pham theo sau nhu
adjectives, hay adverbs, hay infinitives, hay participles, va
prepositional phrases.
Observation:
Farmers worked hard, (simple sentence)
Farmers and ranchers worked hard, (simple sentence with compound subject)
Farmers worked hard and lived well, (simple sentence with compound verb)
Farmers in the Tennessee Valley have prospered in recent years, (simple sentence expanded)
Mot cau co 2 main clauses hay nhieu hon thi goi la
compound sentence. Cac main clauses trong mot compound sentence co the dugc noi lien (connect) bang mot comma, va mot coordinating conjunction and, but, or, for hay bang mot semicolon thay vi la comma.
O bservation:
Farmers worked hard, but the winter was severe.
Farmers worked hard, the winter was mild, and food prices dropped.
The drought struck; crops were destroyed.
' O T H E R CLA U SES
Trong van chuomg, ta thuang thay co nhimg n h a n x e t Id cach viet nhe nhang hay kho khan. Ve ky thuat, co
nguai v iit d i hieu, co nguai viet kho hieu. Chung ta vua tim h iiu gom cac dieu can thiet de viet theo qui luat van pham. Song khi viet, mdi nguai se co loi viet rieng de dien ta y tuang, mien sao g iu duoc qui luat van pham chu khong nhat thiet phdi xep dat cac nhom tu theo thu tu truac sau, nghia la g iu van pham nhung uyen chuyen
cach chon cac qui luat. Nhitng phan tiep theo se co mot so clauses de nguai hoc co the dung the cach (style) cua rieng minh khi viet.
Noun Clause
Mot so tir vcri chuc nang khac nhau tao thanh mot
noun clause (la mot dependent clause), chira dung y nghia cua mot noun ma nguai viet muon thay the tir da noi truac, thi du:
Your plan is interesting. (Day la mot cau dan gian, khong co dependent clause. Subject la plan [noun])
Quan sat nhung cau duai day de lam quen vai cach viet mot cach uyen chuyen ma giu duac y muon noi:
What you intend to do (your plan) is interesting. (Noun clause la subject cua dong tir is^ nghia la tir plan
(noun) co the dugc thay the bang mot noun clause m ai) Tell me what you intend to do (your plan).
(Noun clause la direct obiect cua dong tir tell. )
(Noun clause la predicate nom inative.)
I am interested in what you intend to do (your plan). (Noun clause la object cua giai tu in.)
A djective Clause
Dung adjective clause (dependent clause) dS mo ta them (tell more about) hay cho them chi tilt (more details) ve mot noun hay pronoun khi dang v ilt mot cau. Nhung tu thuomg dung de m a dau nhom tu nay la who, which, whose, that (relative sir™*****™*! —■j-— — ■— '■> (relative adverbs). Cach viSt nay giup nguai viet dien ta dugc nhieu y muon noi trong mot cau thu gon, chu khong can viet nhieu ind ep en dent clauses, lam nguai doc mat thu nhan lien tuc (flow). T it ca nhung nhom tir in nghieng
trong cac cau duai day d£u la adjective clauses:
She is a woman who is respected by everyone.
Mr. Johnson, whose son attends the University, is our friend.
He saw the place where he was born.
It was a time when money did not count.
I know the reason why I fa ile d the course.
Appositives
Doi khi adjective clause cung lai co the viet ngan hon bSnc cach dung mot tu hay mot nhom tir de noi them chi
tilt cho tir dung truac, cach nay goi la appositive. So sanh va phan tich van pham nhung cau mau duai day de biet cach viet:
Sweden, a Scandinavian country, is very beautiful. N ote: a Scandinavian country (appositive) nam giua hai d iu p h iy (comma), sau chu ngu Sweden va truoc dong tir be, giai thich them Sweden la gi va chuc nang la modifier cua Sweden.
Nhan xet hai cau duai day:
cvic ^/m nhnnv Hall which is the home of the Boston Symphony, (djective clause)
She visited Symphony Hall, the home o f the Boston Symphony, (appositive)
Va cach appositive con co the thu gon (combine) hai cau:
Nhan xet nhirng cau mau d u ai day:
San Francisco is a fascinating city.
San Francisco is famous for its cable cars, (two sentences)
San Francisco, fam ous fo r its cable cars, is a fascinating city.
(appositive)
My mother was bom in Lima, Ohio. She was the oldest o f seven children, (two sentences)
My mother, the oldest o f seven children, was bom in Lima, Ohio.
(appositive)
Steve Nilssen has told me much about Sweden. He is my close friend and a pianist, (two sentences)
Steve Nilssen, who is my close friend and a pianist, has told me much about Sweden, (relative clause)
Steve Nilssen, my close friend and a pianist, has told me much about Sweden, (appositive)
A d v e rb ia l Clause
Adverbial clause la mot dependent clause, co chuc nang hoan toan nhu adverb de mo ta them viec lam cua mot verb, dac ti'nh cua mot adjective, va mot adverb khac trong cau, hay tit ca y tuang dien ta trong mot independent clause. Dung subordinating coniunction a clause nay se lam cho cau van song dong, dien ta true tiep cac y tuang muon noi ve time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, concession, manner, va comparision.
* Time ( when, before, since, as, while, until, after, whenever)
I will stay until you come.
When the whistle blew, the laborer stopped. * Place (where, wherever, whence, whither)
He went where no one had ever set fo o t before.
Wherever you go, I will go too. * Cause (because, since, as)
Since I had no classes on Saturday, I went home.
Because he was afraid o f being late, Henry ran all the way. * Purpose ( in order that, so that, that)
My family made many sacrifices so that I could have an education.
Men work thai they may eat.
* Result (so... that, such... that)
The weather was so cold that I decided not to walk to school.
I was so late that I m issed the lecture.
* Condition ( if unless, provided that, on condition that) \ ou will hurt your hand i f you are not careful.
Unless you apply at once, your name will not be considered.
Stop me i f you have heard this before.
I shall go provided that you will drive carefully. I f you told me earlier, I could have helped. * Concession (though, although)
Although she had no money, she was determined to go to college.
Though I was tired, I did not stop to rest.
Although he is quite small, he plays basketball very well. Our car is dependable even i f it is old.
* Manner (as, as i f as though)
She looked as though she wanted to laugh.
Do as you like, but take the consequences. Please do the work as you have been instructed.
* Com parison ( as, than ) Gold is heavier than iron.
Your dress is as new as hers.