D. PHIẾU MÔ TẢ DỰ ÁN DẠY HỌC TÍCH HỢP CỦA GIÁO VIÊN
5. Thiết bị dạy học, học liệu
5.1. Thiết bị dạy học
* Chuẩn bị của giáo viên:
- Giáo án, PowerPoint bài giảng - Máy tính, máy chiếu
- Giấy A3, bút viết, băng dính, nam châm…. - Một số tranh ảnh, video liên quan, bản đồ…..
* Chuẩn bị của học sinh
- Sách giáo khoa, vở ghi chép
- Trước bài học một tuần, giáo viên yêu cầu học sinh thu thập thông tin hình ảnh về môi trường đang bị ô nhiễm , đồng thời phân lớp ra làm ba nhóm tìm hiểu nguyên nhân và giải pháp dựa trên các tiêu chí:
+ Vị trí địa lý, môi trường sống + Hệ động thực vật
+ Sự đa dạng sinh học
+ Những giải pháp được đưa ra
+ Những mối đe dọa đang xảy ra
+ Những điều cần chú ý khi đến tham quan
Các nhóm phải tự sưu tầm tranh/ ảnh/ tài liệu liên quan để trình bày trước lớp, và soạn sẵn các câu hỏi liên quan đến nội dung của nhóm mình để kiểm tra lại các nhóm khác. Toàn bộ các tài liệu tìm được đều nộp lại để chấm điểm. Nhóm trưởng có trách nhiệm ghi chép lại quá trình làm việc của nhóm và đánh giá kết quả làm việc của từng cá nhân trong nhóm làm cơ sở cho giáo viên cho điểm sau bài học.
5.2. Học liệu
Giáo viên và học sinh cùng chuẩn bị tài liệu liên quan đến các nội dung sau:
Tìm hiểu các nguyên nhân dẫn môi trường bị phá hủy
Tìm hiểu các loại ô nhiễm môi trường hiện nay
Tìm hiểu các giải pháp giúp bảo vệ môi trường
Các học liệu này được sưu tầm chủ yếu từ mạng internet
5.2.1. Major Causes of Environmental Destruction
We are at a critical crossroads in our world today. We are the first generation on our planet to truly understand the far-reaching impacts that human actions are having on our environment, and yet, we are the last generation that can truly make the biggest impact in solving these challenges.
The list below discusses many of the environmental challenges that we are facing in our world today. Together as a human race, we have the solutions and the resources that we need right now to move forward and transition to a sustainable world for everyone. As you read about these challenges, how can you play a role in bringing forth the changes that we need during this very important time in our planet’s history?
Land disturbance and destruction
All over the world today, there are many ways that land is being degraded, such as the cutting down of our global forests, to the increasing development of natural
ecosystems and fragmentation of habitat, and mining , natural ecosystems are under threat as never before.
We must implement habitat protections and work within the limits of nature to preserve and restore what nature remains for the health of our Earth.
Poaching and overfishing
Today, species are under such a great threat due to human activities and biodiversity is being eroded at such an alarming rate, that we stand to lose many of our natural treasures that support the web of life on our planet. We must protect both individual species that are under threat and the critical habitat of these species.
Agriculture
Agriculture has one of the largest environmental footprints of all human activities on our planet today, composing almost half of all land use [1]. While most subsistence agriculture has very little impact on land, most global commercial forms of agriculture are contributing to problems of environmental degradation, such as erosion, runoff, water pollution, and a loss of soil fertility.
Eliminating these environmental problems that plague global agriculture will require a transition to ecological and organic farming such as biodynamic and permaculture farming that respect nature’s limits and naturally build soil fertility.
Invasive species
As human beings have increased traveling and trade all around the world, many species of organisms have been transported to areas that they would never have been able to access in the past.
This has led to many environmental problems such as new diseases that decimate native species, and invasive species that are able to outcompete the native species.
Pollution
Today, our world is becoming increasingly toxic due to the pollution of our air, water, and land. This not only hurts wildlife and other organisms that live in natural ecosystems, it also hurts our own health and can lead to chronic and fatal diseases like cancer.
For a healthy planet and human population, we simply must stop the production of such toxic substances and return to the use of natural substances that are safe and do not compromise our own health and our global environment.
Poverty
In much of the world, those living in poverty are left with few options for survival but to utilize natural resources for food, shelter, fiber, and to generate an income. Unfortunately, due to the increased use of these natural resources, many ecosystems around the world are becoming stressed and cannot sustain such intensive use.
In order to solve the challenge that global poverty poses to natural resource destruction, we absolutely must solve the problem of global poverty itself, and ensure that there is a fair, equitable, and sustainable world for everyone on Earth.
The use of fossil fuels for energy
Using fossil fuels as humanity’s primary energy source to run our economies and lives has been one of the biggest causes of environmental destruction, such as oil spills, the production of greenhouse gases, and water pollution from hydraulic
We now have more options and technology than ever before to transition away from fossil fuels and to embrace a clean, 100% renewable energy future.
Lack of regulations, enforcement, and resources
While it is important to understand the consequences that humanity’s negative actions have on the planet, the changes that are needed to truly transform an environmentally destructive situation into a positive one require proper regulations, enforcement of those regulations, and the political, fiscal, and human resources that are necessary to effectively put them into place.
Human behavior and overconsumption of resources
Our relationship to our planet Earth and how we consume its natural resources must be wholly transformed into one where we finally live in harmony with nature and its limitations and restore our planet.
References
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1209-051209-crops-map.h
5.2.2. Some main types of environment al pollution
When we introduce unnatural chemicals that contaminate our air, soil and
seas, it interferes with the metabolism of animals and they are unable to cope. Air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Water and soil pollutants are heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead – and pesticide and herbicide compounds.
All of these factors work in synergy with each other, causing the fastest rate of extinction ever seen. Large bodied animal and rare species are more prone to the changes caused by humans to the planet. Extinctions can disrupt our ecological
processes like pollination and seed distribution and a collapse of the food chain which can cause more extinction.
The environment is the natural world in which people , animals and plants live. The natural environment has been seriously affected and degraded by human activities through many decades. For instance, the burning of fossil fuels by factories and motor vehicles has led to air pollution and resulted in acid rains, greenhouse effect and global warming. The use of harmful chemicals in agriculture has led to serious soil pollution and health problems. Deforestation for land use has affected the ecosystem and led to the extinction of rare animals, and extreme floods and land erosion. Harmful rubbish and sewage dumped in rivers and oceans has polluted the water and harmed aquatic animals. There are many human activities having serious impacts on the natural environment. They have changed and degraded the natural environment and led to various health problems.
We should do something immediately to protect our environment . For instance, we should control the burning of fossil fuels and encourage forestation to replace deforestation. In addition, there should be appropriate places to dump harmful rubbish and chemicals to reduce the rate of water pollution, a threat to human health and a danger to aquatic animals.
To minimize the rate of environmental degradation and to raise awareness of its threats, The preservation of the environment should be included in education and mass media. People should make every effort to preserve the environment for the next generation.
Dealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Here are a few things you can do to help. Learning about the issue (like you are doing) is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few more:
You can help
Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.
Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we can significantly prevent water shortages and reduce the amount of dirty water that needs treatment.
Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.
Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.
If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the chemical into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using organic manure instead.
Air pollution
Air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. WHO data shows that 9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. WHO is working with countries to monitor air pollution and improve air quality. From smog hanging over cities to smoke inside the home, air pollution poses a major threat to health and climate. The combined effects of ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause about seven million premature deaths every year, largely as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections. More than 80% of people living in urban areas that monitor air pollution are exposed to air quality levels that exceed WHO guideline limits, with low- and middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures, both indoors and outdoors.
Air pollution
Air lets our living planet breathe - it's the mixture of gases that fills the atmosphere, giving life to the plants and animals that make Earth such a vibrant place. Broadly speaking, air is almost entirely made up of two gases (78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen), with a few other gases (such as carbon dioxide and argon) present
in much smaller quantities. We can breathe ordinary air all day long with no ill effects, so let's use that simple fact to define air pollution, something like this:
Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed through ordinary air) released in a big enough quantity to harm the health of people or other animals, kill plants or stop them growing properly, damage or disrupt some other aspect of the environment (such as making buildings crumble), or cause some other kind of nuisance (reduced visibility, perhaps, or an unpleasant odor).
As with water pollution and land contamination, it's the quantity
or concentration) of a chemical in the air that makes the difference between
"harmless" and "pollution." Carbon dioxide (CO2), for example, is present in the air around you at a typical concentration of less than 0.05 percent and breathing it in usually does no harm (you breathe it out all day long); but air with an extremely high concentration of carbon dioxide (say, 5–10 percent) is toxic and could kill you in a matter of minutes. Since Earth's atmosphere is very turbulent —many of us live in windy countries—air pollution will often disperse relatively quickly. In less enlightened times, factory operators thought that if they built really high smokestacks, the wind would simply blow their smoke away, diluting and dispersing it so it wouldn't be a problem. The only trouble was, Earth is a much smaller place than we think and pollution doesn't always disappear so conveniently.
Photo: Forest fires are one completely natural cause of air pollution. We'll never be able to prevent them breaking out or stop the pollution they cause; our best hope is to manage forests, where we can, so fires don't spread. Photo by courtesy of US Fish and Wildlife Service.
When we think of pollution, we tend to think it's a problem that humans cause through ignorance or stupidity—and that's certainly true, some of the time. However, it's important to remember that some kinds of air pollution are produced naturally. Forest fires, erupting volcanoes, and gases released from radioactive decay of rocks inside Earth are just three examples of natural air pollution that can have hugely disruptive effects on people and the planet.
Forest fires (which often start naturally) can produce huge swathes of smoke that drift for miles over neighboring cities, countries, or continents. Giant volcanic eruptions can spew so much dust into the atmosphere that they block out significant amounts of sunlight and cause the entire planet to cool down for a year or more.
up in the basements of buildings with serious effects on people's health (each year, around 21,000 people die of lung cancer, due to radon gas in the United States). All these things are examples of serious air pollution that happen without any help from humans; although we can adapt to natural air pollution, and try to reduce the disruption it causes, we can never stop it happening completely. For the rest of this article, we'll consider only the "unnatural" types of pollution: the problems that people cause—and the ones we can solve.
Causes of Air Pollution•••
Any
process that produces substances that are small and light enough to be carried in air, or are gases themselves, can contribute to air pollution. These sources can be natural or man-made and occur all at once or slowly over time. Sources can be localized, such as industrial complexes, or come from multiple producers, such as cars. They can be indoor or outdoor, and even if pollutants are present, this does
not mean that they are dangerous to health, as long as they do not exceed safe limits set by organizations such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Almost all of the common air pollutants can be produced by industrial processes. Some of these are produced by combustion of fossil fuels that drive the industrial process, resulting in particulates, ozone and nitrogen oxides.
Common forms of transportation like cars, planes and ships generally use
combustion to harness energy from fossil fuels. The combustion process releases pollutants into the air, such as particles and carbon monoxide, and also releases substances that quickly form into nitrogen oxides and ozone, which are important air pollutants.
Farmers use machinery driven by fossil fuels to plow fields and harvest produce, and the animals that are raised in bulk for food also produce their own type of air pollution. Methane is a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect that allows global warming; it arises from intestinal gas released by livestock.
Keeping homes warm is commonly the job of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal. Their combustion means that heating is an important source of air pollutants like sulfur dioxide. If electricity is used to heat the house, the energy plants that produced it may also have been driven by fossil fuels.
The energy used in cooking may have come from energy plants, in which case the potential for air pollution has arisen earlier. Alternatively, such as in developing countries, home cooking requires direct burning of wood or coals, which produces the particulate pollution at the point of use.
Sometimes people think of air pollution as entirely man-made. In fact, natural processes release lots of substances into the air that are classed as pollution. Sulfur dioxide is a major modern air pollutant, and according to National Geographic,
volcanoes can release enough sulfur dioxide into the air to influence global cooling.
Forest fires release pollutants into the air in the same way as fireplaces burning wood produce pollution. They produce fine smoke particles, which, according to the EPA, are small enough to be able to get into the lungs and damage the lungs and the heart.
In the developing world, homes may have visible smoke coming from the fire that is used to cook and heat the home. In the developed world, tobacco smoke is commonly the only visible type of air pollution inside the house. Both types of indoor smoke are linked to respiratory diseases.
Specific industries produce particular air pollutant profiles, and the major source of metal pollution like lead is metal smelting, although niche uses of lead, such as in the manufacture of certain aviation fuels, also contribute.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosols were a major cause of ozone layer
destruction, and their production was banned in the United States in 1995. Despite such bans worldwide, the U.S. National Library of Medicine says CFCs can last for a century in the atmosphere, where they continue to do damage. The ozone layer helps shield the planet from dangerous ultraviolet rays.
Indirect Causes of Water Pollution
You’ve learned a little bit about what water pollution is now, but what are some causes of water pollution you should be on the lookout for? In this section, you’ll learn about the indirect causes of water pollution. These are the types of pollution