ld,ai y: !r:,e drqc-nghiAn ctru sdn *urit vd s,} dltng
cho ilQng co dtit,trong, trong d6 c6 the kd de"n ctii loql nhian neu
"a ,iud, ia" lraothqch nhu khi diu m6 h6a l6ig (LpG), khi thien nhi€n.ndn/h6o tins oNTiNd), ihrn thqch nhu khi diu m6 h6a l6ig (LpG), khi thien nhi€n.ndn/h6o tins oNTiNd), ihrn
dy h6a l6ng (CTL).-- vd cdc loqi nhian hQu c6 ngudn gac tuii tqi
"n* "ir rinn no"
(bio-ethanol, bio-methanol,-bio-.buthanol....),.dieseisinhilc (bio_.die;e;i;,;;;;;;;;;;,
hydr6, dimethyt ether (DME), sinh khiji h6a tdng (BTL)...
,^^, .!,i:.!ii,:lf, uy,t?:r quan vi tinh hinh san xudt, str d4ng vd tiim ndns cua cdctoai nhian li€u thav th€ rr€n thd gidi vd.o viQt tlan. MQt sri dnit huong toai nhian li€u thav th€ rr€n thd gidi vd.o viQt tlan. MQt sri dnit huong
"ar'iii) tie,
rhay th.ti dtin ttnh idng, phdt mai aO tA, ,i=i,Ai iio'dQng cct c ng dtroc aa ,E ,n'Ji$
qua cdc nghian ctht tr\n thd gi6i vd cdc nghian cru thryc nghi€nt g-dn d,iy cualic gid
TD khda: Xl,,U) t,,4, thay thii, nhian hQu ttii @),'nhien li€u sinh hocABSTRACT ABSTRACT
lTith 7er growing concerns on environment, energ/ security, and the demand ofpetroleum-basedfuels in thefuture, the petroreum oits ie petroleum-basedfuels in thefuture, the petroreum oits ie
""^iiirr:ai )rriir;irrrrgby other energies such as solar energg, wind energ,,... especially inuior*| 1rar. by other energies such as solar energg, wind energ,,... especially inuior*| 1rar. Many including-those alternative fuels have be-en invistigared b u; in_int'ernal ,ortur,r,ion' Jigir",
derived from. fossil ,"roirr* Qiquefiect petroleum gas, nalural gas,
coal to.liquid, gas to liquid...) and ,"n"*obli ,Lurru (bio-alcohols, bio_diesel,!?get?ble oils, lrydrotreating vegetable oil, hydrogen, dimetlryl ,tlrrr,-'Oio_*-r* to !?get?ble oils, lrydrotreating vegetable oil, hydrogen, dimetlryl ,tlrrr,-'Oio_*-r* to
liquid...).
This articre revians the up
lo date information regarding potentiar, productionand application of arternattue fuers in iiternal comblsfionzis*rr, ii[ rff)r, and application of arternattue fuers in iiternal comblsfionzis*rr, ii[ rff)r,
"r
alternative fuels on performance, exhaust emissions o"a i)r"riri rr*prr:i,iiliiiirn,engines. engines.
K eyw ords : Al t er nat iv e fu el s, r e n ew ab I e fi,t e I s, b i o-fu e I s
Su ph6t tri6n nhanh ch6ng cia c6ng nghiQp, thu nhflp cua ngudi ddn vd so lucmg
c6c phucrng tiOn giao th6ng v{n tii (GTVT) ldm cho nhu cdu sri dlrng ndng lucmg cdng
ng2ry c?rng ttng cao, ddc biQt ld diu m6. Trung binh m6i ngdy thti gi6i tidu thu hOt
khoing 87 triQu thirng dAu th6, chi y6u tdp trung d c6c nudc nhu M!, Trung Qu6c,NhQt Bdn...[1]. ViQc sri dung nhi6n liQu gdc ho6thach sE thdi ra ciic chdt dQc hai anh NhQt Bdn...[1]. ViQc sri dung nhi6n liQu gdc ho6thach sE thdi ra ciic chdt dQc hai anh
hu&ng dtin sric kho6 con ngudi vi mdi trucrng, vd phrit thii khi hiOu img nhd kinh, din
tdi bi6n aOi nri n4u, trdi d6't 6m ddn l6n, hiQn tugng bdng tan...
Canh tranh trong linh vuc ndng luong h6a thach dang ngdy cdng di6n bi6n kh6c
1i6t vd dAm An nhiiiu b6t 6n trong b6i canh trft lucrng dAu dang dAn cqn ki6t so voi t6c
d0 khai th6c ngay cdng l6n. Ea d4ng h6angu6n ndng luong vd gidm su phu thu6c vdondng lugng h6a thach ld m6t trong nhirng muc ti6u hdng rliu cta cdc nu6c l6n nhu ndng lugng h6a thach ld m6t trong nhirng muc ti6u hdng rliu cta cdc nu6c l6n nhu
M!, Dric, Nhat Ban. .. Nhi6n 1i0u thay th6 CNLTT) cho d6ng co cl6t trong duoc xem ld
mQt trong nhftng gini phiip quan trglg vd nhdn duo. c su quan tam ldn cria thii gi6i.Bdi bdo trinh bdy t6ng quan v,5 k! thudt, tinh hinh srin xu6t, sri dung vi ti6m n[ng Bdi bdo trinh bdy t6ng quan v,5 k! thudt, tinh hinh srin xu6t, sri dung vi ti6m n[ng cria c6c loai NLTT tr6n thti gi6i ve d ViCt Nam. MQt s6 6nh hu&ng crla NLTT dOn tinh ntrng, phdt thai, dO bdn vd tu6i thg dQng co cfing dugc dC cdp thdng qua ciic nghidn
: .,. ,
cuu tren thd gioi vir ciic nghi€n crlu thuc nghiQm gdn d6y cta t6c gi6.il. CAC LoAI NHIEN LIEU THAY THf il. CAC LoAI NHIEN LIEU THAY THf
Nhi6n liQu thay thi5 co th5 duoc phdn thinh 2 nh6m. Nh6m c6c nhi6n li6u c6
I i ;. .-,
ngu6n goc h6a thach gom: Ethanol. khi thien nhi6n iNG- Natural Cas), khi ddu mo
h6a 16ng (LPG- Liquefied Petroleum Gas), methanol, hydr6, khi h6a l6ng (GTL-Gas
To Liquid), than,dii hoa long (CTL-Coal To Liquid), vd Dimethyl ether (DME). Nh6m
,.1 , r
c6c loai nhi6n liQu c6 ngu6n g6c tiii t4o g6m: Klti sinh hoc (biogas), Ethanol sinh hoc@io-ethanol)/methanol sinh hoc (bio-methanol), hydr6, dAu thuc vdt (vegetable oi1). @io-ethanol)/methanol sinh hoc (bio-methanol), hydr6, dAu thuc vdt (vegetable oi1).
diesel sinh hoc (bio-diesel hay FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester), d6u thgc vQtlmd
d6. ng vit hydr6 h6a (HVO - Hydrotreating Vegetable Oil) vd sinh kh6i h6a t6ng (BTL
Bio-mass To Liquid)..l .l
T6m luoc v6 vi6c lua chon nhi6n liQu thay th€ cho d6ng co d6t trong duoc th6
hiOn tr6n Hinh 1. thC i thC i ngur liQu clanl hoto m6 I su dr hori I metl kh6r so v( r0ng mia, r ph,i r pha:r bo ct quy t [4] f trinh l phdn t l va tol khOi r i I hu6ng chriy d T vQt (vi dung I htu co (th6 h( (slnga Ilinh 1. Ctic logi nhiAn hQu thay lhii cho ttQng co ttiit tong (nguin: Daimler AG)
i
I
i
the he nhu: Nhi0n liQu sinh hoc th6 he I (san xu6t tir thuc phAm), th(i hc II (san xu6t tirngu6n thuc phAm khdng dn tluo.c) va the hQ III (sdn xu6t tir vi t6o). Trong d6, nhi6n ngu6n thuc phAm khdng dn tluo.c) va the hQ III (sdn xu6t tir vi t6o). Trong d6, nhi6n
li€u sinh hoc thc hQ I dang chii5m s6n luong chinh mflc dir v6n dA an ninh Iucrng thuctlang duoc dEc bi6t quan tAm; nhi6n liQu sinh hgc th6 he II vd III dang trong giai doan tlang duoc dEc bi6t quan tAm; nhi6n liQu sinh hgc th6 he II vd III dang trong giai doan
hoan thiQn c6ng nghQ va b6t dAu .[uoc sin xu6t d quy m6 thri nghiQm d6 ti6n toi quym6 thuong mai m6 thuong mai
2.1. Cdn
Cdn c6 c6ng thric ho6 hgc li Cfi2n*rOH clugc xem li nhi6n liQu phir hqp nh6t O6sri dgng cho dQng co tl6nh hia cu0ng bfc nhd c6 tri si5 octane cao va tinh ch6t vat lli, sri dgng cho dQng co tl6nh hia cu0ng bfc nhd c6 tri si5 octane cao va tinh ch6t vat lli, ho6 hoc tucmg tg nhu xdng[2]. HiQn nay, c6n t6n t4i d b6n d4ng ld ethanol (C2H,OH), methanbl (CH3OH), butanol (CaHeOH) vi propanol (C3H7OH), t6t ca dAu h ch6t ldng
kh6ng mdu, tuy nhi6n methanol vd butanol r6t d6c, gid thanh sin xu6t butanol kh6 cao
so voi gi6 thanh san xu6t ethanol vi metanol. vi vfy hiQn tai ethanol duoc sri dung
rdng riii hon ci cho c6c phuong tiQn GTVT [3].
Ethanol chri y6u duoc s6n xu6t tir qu6 trinh l6n men c6c san phAm c6 eluong nhumia, cri cii tlulng..., c6c san phAm ngfl ctic nhu ng6, khoai, sin, hia ml ... (th6 he D; tir mia, cri cii tlulng..., c6c san phAm ngfl ctic nhu ng6, khoai, sin, hia ml ... (th6 he D; tir
phiS phAm n6ng, ldm nghiQp (tht5 hQ r! ve ft vi tao (th6 he IID. D6i v6i th6 he Ir, phc
phdm n6ng, ldm nghiQp cAn phii trii qua qud trinh tidn chC, l€n men thuj ph6n d6 loaib6 ch6t gd Qignin) trong nguy6n liQu, s6n phAm tao thdnh ld ducrng glucose. Sau tt6 b6 ch6t gd Qignin) trong nguy6n liQu, s6n phAm tao thdnh ld ducrng glucose. Sau tt6
quy trinh san xudt tao thdnh ethanol tuong tu v6i qu6 trinh sin xu6t ethanol th6 hc I
l4l. Doi voi thc hc III, vi tio sau khi thu hoach cluo-c nghidn tru6c khi thuc hi€n qu6trinh phdn $ t6 bdo, san phAm ld tinh bQr ve protein, th6ng qua qu6 trinh l6n men thul/ trinh phdn $ t6 bdo, san phAm ld tinh bQr ve protein, th6ng qua qu6 trinh l6n men thul/ phdn t4o thanh ethanol [5].
Methanol hi€n tpi cht y6u san xu6t tt khi thi6n nhi6n th6ng qua qu6 trinh khi horivd t6ng hqp, trong thdi gian gAn dAy, methanol cflng e16 Uat aAu dusc san xuAt tir sinh vd t6ng hqp, trong thdi gian gAn dAy, methanol cflng e16 Uat aAu dusc san xuAt tir sinh
khOi nhim ginm grinh n{ng d6i v6i ngu6n nguy6n lidu hod thach [3].
2.2.Ddt thgc vft vi bio-diesel
DAu thr,rc vdt li dAu thu tnrc tiiip tir qu6 trinh 6p c6c hat c6 d6u nhu h4t cni dAu,
hudng duong, dfu nanh, cg, dira, jatropha... c6 th6 duo. c sri dung truc ti6p cho d6ng cochiiy do n6n hodc dirng trong linh ruc ch6 bi{in thr,rc phAm. chiiy do n6n hodc dirng trong linh ruc ch6 bi{in thr,rc phAm.
Bio-diesel th6 hO I li sin phAm cia qu6 trinh este ho6 dAu thuc v6t hoEc m0 d6ng
v{t (vi dr1 nhu md c6 basa [6]). Bio-diesel th(i he X dugc s6n xu6t ti: dAu dn d6 qua sridune [7], sinrr khoi (BTL) vd tir khi methane-cH4 (tir quri trinh l6n men cric chAt thai dune [7], sinrr khoi (BTL) vd tir khi methane-cH4 (tir quri trinh l6n men cric chAt thai
htu co vd ch6t thai cria el6ng vdt - biogas), cdn goi ld khi ho6 l6ng (GTL), vd tir vi tio(th6 hc nD. Sinh kh6i (g5, rcrm, 14, tr6u...) ttusc khi ho6 tao thdnh khi t6ng hqp (th6 hc nD. Sinh kh6i (g5, rcrm, 14, tr6u...) ttusc khi ho6 tao thdnh khi t6ng hqp (syngas), sau cl6 th6ng qua qu6 rrinh Fischer-Tropsch (FT) di0u chii thdnh bio-diesel
trinh FT c6 dang nhu sau [8]:
"co.(Ly)H,.xocbc> C^H,+ H,O
Bio-diesel dugc xem ld nhi€n liQu phir ho-p nh6t de thay thi5 cho diesel trdn clQngco ch6y do ndn nhd c6 tinh ch6t tucrng tg nhu diesel [2].. co ch6y do ndn nhd c6 tinh ch6t tucrng tg nhu diesel [2]..
Vi tio sau khi h6p thq nu6c, 6nh srlng mdt troi vd khi COu thi duo. c nghiAn dOthuc hi€n qu6 trinh chitit dAu, dAu sau khi chi6t duoc este ho6, tao thdnh bio-diesel [5]. thuc hi€n qu6 trinh chitit dAu, dAu sau khi chi6t duoc este ho6, tao thdnh bio-diesel [5].
HVO dugc cho ld mQt loai nhiOn liQu hydr6 c6cbon rdt ti6m ndng dirng dC thay
thti cho diesel nhd tri s6 xOtan rdt cao. Tuy nhi6n, quy m6 sdn xu6t HVO tr€n th6 gicri
cdn h4n ch6 do c6ng nghQ sin xuAt chua thuc su hodn thifn [9]. sinh kn,ii
Ilinh 2. Cric tOng itogn sdn xudt BTL 2.3. Hyrlr6 vh khi giiu hyrlr6
Hytlr6 c6 th6 duqc s6n xudt tir ngu6n hydrd c6cbon h6a th4ch, tir nudc va tir sinh
ttrOi Uing c6c phucrng ph6p nhu reforming hoi nu6c, 6xy h6a kh6ng hodn toin, nhi6tphdn khi thi6n nhi0n, thu h6i tI qud trinh reforming vd cliOn phdn nu6c Ii0]. phdn khi thi6n nhi0n, thu h6i tI qud trinh reforming vd cliOn phdn nu6c Ii0].
Hydr6 c6 th6 dugc sri dung trgc ti6p trdn d6ng co d6t trong d dang hydr6 16ng
(nhiQt d0 h6a 16ng ld -2fi0c O diAu kiQn khl quy€n) ho[c o d4ng n6n (ap sudt binhchria 16n tdi 700 bar). VAn d0 t6n chria hydr6 mdt c6ch hiQu qud, an todn vAn clang chria 16n tdi 700 bar). VAn d0 t6n chria hydr6 mdt c6ch hiQu qud, an todn vAn clang
nhdn ducrc su quan tdm 16n c:'l.a cdc nhd nghidn criu vd doanh nghiQp. Hydr6 hi6n duoc
cho ld ngudn ti6m ndng lim pin nhi6n liQu clii s6n sinh tli6n ndng. Mdc dir c6n c6
nhf,ng v6n dA kh6 khan vd qu6 trinh t6n trir vi giri thdnh, nhrmg v6i nhiet tri l6n (theo
,, .t. , ).
kh6i luqng) vir ngu6n nguyCn li6u duoc xem nhu lir v6 han n6n hi6n tai hytlro duo. c
xem ld "nhi6n 1i0u cria tucmg 1ai".
Khi gidu hydrd la h6n hqp c[ra khi hyclrd vd mQt sO khi kh6c nhu 6xy (trong khiHHO), CO (trong khi t6ng hqp) ctng mQt s6 t4p chAt kh6c. Khi gidu hydr6 thucrng duo. c sri HHO), CO (trong khi t6ng hqp) ctng mQt s6 t4p chAt kh6c. Khi gidu hydr6 thucrng duo. c sri
nhitchrn chrn LPC cfrn1 bar ( LPG 6U/. v ffi nrng CHl nIi& cuerq (cN( (LN( 6p su the.ln sO ca hori tt (FT). CTL ( thi€n r DME III. M T li6u dr i ddnh I LPGC
ntrim c6i thiOn qua trtnh ch6y vd gidm ph6t th6i 6 nhi6m [1 1].
2.4.Khi diu m6 ho6 l6ng
LPG ld sin ph6m cria qud trinh ho6 16ng khi d6ng hinh thu duoc kong qu6 trtnh
chrmg c6t dAu m6 bao g6m hai thdnh ph6n chinh ld propan, C3H3 vd butan, CaH16 [2].LPG c6 th6 sri dgng truc ti€p thay th6 cho xdng trcn dQng co cl6nh hia cu6ng brlc hoic LPG c6 th6 sri dgng truc ti€p thay th6 cho xdng trcn dQng co cl6nh hia cu6ng brlc hoic cfing c6 thti sri dung tr6n tlQng co ch6y do ndn nhu ld mQt phu gia nhi6n liQu.
Gi6 tri 6p su6t h6a l6ng LPG phg thuQc vdo thdnh ph6n cria hdn hqp: thoing2,2
bar d6i v6i C4Hr0 tai 200C, ve khoam g22bar d6i v6i CrH, t?i 550C [12]. Th6ng thuong LPG clugc chria trong binh d rip su6t khoang 8 bar v6i tyi l0 propan/butan khoAng 60%t40%.
2.5. Khi thi6n nhi6n
Khi thi€n nhi6n thudng dugc sri dung ldm ch6t AOt di5 suoi 6m, s6n xu6t dignndng vd phuc vp cho cong nghiQp. Thanh phAn chinh cria khi thi6n nhi6n Id methane, ndng vd phuc vp cho cong nghiQp. Thanh phAn chinh cria khi thi6n nhi6n Id methane,
CH4 (80-90%), cdn 14i ld c6c thdnh phAn khdc nhu C2H6, C3Hs, CaH16... Khi thiOn
nhi6n c6 tinh ch6t phn hqp d6 sri dpng tr6n ilQng co, d{c biQt le dQng co cl6nh hiacu0ng br?c. Nhim ning cao m{t dQ n6ng luqng, khi thi€n nhi6n thuong dugc ndn cu0ng br?c. Nhim ning cao m{t dQ n6ng luqng, khi thi€n nhi6n thuong dugc ndn (cNG, vdi dp suat ndn 200-250 bar trong didu ki6n nhi6t d6 m6i truhng) ho[c ho6 16ng
(LNC, d nhiQt dQ -1270C trong tli6u kiQn ap sudt m6i truong va d nhiet d0 -l6l0C khi6p suAt le 6-8 bar) [2]. 6p suAt le 6-8 bar) [2].
2.6. Dimethyl Bther
\ Dimethyl Ether (DME), c6ng thuc hod hgc la CH3-O-CH3, ld loai nhi€n li6u c6
th6" hm khi dot va c6 khi ndng thay thti cho diesel tr€n dQng co ch6y do ndn nhd c6 tri
s6 cetane cao. DME c6 thO dugc san xu6t tir nhi6u ngu6n kh6c nhau nhu nhi6n liQu g6c
ho6 thach, than tl6, kli thi6n nhi6n vi sinh kh6i t4l.
2.'7 . Than ho6 l6ng vir khi hof l6ng
Than sau quri trinh khf ho6, tao ra syngas vi thuc hidn qurl trinh Fischer-Tropsch
(FT) d6 t4o thdnh FT diesel (crl). Trong khi d6, crl- dugc didu ch6 tu khi methane,cHa (c6 th€ ttr nguon g6c t6i t?o nhu biogas hoic tt ngudn g6c ho6 thach nhu khi cHa (c6 th€ ttr nguon g6c t6i t?o nhu biogas hoic tt ngudn g6c ho6 thach nhu khi thien nhi6n). cdc sin ph6m nhi6n li6u duoc sin xu6t tir khi methane gdm methanol,
DME hodc FT diesel.
rrr. MQT so TiNH CHAr CoA NHr0N LrEU
Bing 1 vit2so s6nh mot s6 tinh ch6t v6t ty vir ho6 hoc diOn hinh cria m6t s6 lo4i nhi€n 1i6u thay th6 cho tl6ng co d6t trong voi hai nhi6n li6u truydn thiing li xdng vd diesel.
Mdc dir v6 mdt tinh chat LPG/CNG thu&ng cluo. c dirng ldm nhi6n liQu cho ci6ng co drlnh hia cuCrng br?c nhrmg c6c nghiOn criu gAn ddy cfing cho th6y ti6m ndng sri dung
LPG/CNG cho clQng co diesel [13]. Day ducrc xem ld rnQt trong nhftng huong can d6i v6
Tfnh chAt Xdng Ethanol Methanol HytIrd(kh0 LPG CNG LNG (kh0 LPG CNG LNG Kh6i lusg phdn tir (e/mol) 100- 105 46,07 32,04 ) n') 44,09 16,04 t6,04 Kh6i luqng ri6ne (s/l) 690-790 790 796 0,09 508-563 0,781 410-500 Nhi0t tri thdp (MJ,&e) 44,5 26,8 19,8 120 46 38- 50 3 8-50 Nhiot an hoa hoi ftYks) 349 923 1178 448 426 s10 510 Ap sudt bay hoi (kPa) 48- 103 15,9 31,7 1303 206-275 D0 nhcrt (cP)
t4i 2ooC 0,37-0,44 t,l9 osq 0,009 0,102 0,01 0,188
T6c d0 ch6y
(m/s) 0,41 0,38 0,34 3,24-4,4 0,46 0,39 0,39
He s6 A/F G) 14.7 9 6,4s ?4 1 15,7 11 ) 1'1 )
RON (-) 88-9'7 108.6 108.7 130 94-112 120 120
duoc tdng cao nhd viec sri dpng 16. ng r6i bio-ethanol.
Brtng L Tinh chiit cfia cdc loqi nhi€n IiQu tlilng cho dQng cd it(inl, lta crdng bftc
rv. TiNH HiNH sAN xuAr vA st'DUNG NHITN LrEU THAy rHE4.1. Tinh hinh tr0n th5 gi6i 4.1. Tinh hinh tr0n th5 gi6i