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monetary policy in vietnam alternatives to inflation targeting
... hyperinflation provided the impetus for the comprehensive and coordinated Doi Moi reforms that included reforms in public finance and in Vietnam’s banking and financial sector In 1988 the Prime Minister ... more developed financial sectors, because retained earnings continue to be the main source of financing for business capital spending 19 The explanation for this is as follows: as in other countries ... started to shrink Macroeconomics and institutional frameworks of central banking 3.1 Issues surrounding scope for inflation targeting Although there is interest in inflation targeting (IT) on the...
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Báo cáo y học: "The Diels-Alder-Reaction with inverse-Electron-Demand, a very efficient versatile Click-Reaction Concept for proper Ligation of variable molecular Partners"
... mainly developed by Bertozzi [15, 16] based on the well documented reaction of phosphines with azides resulting in phosphoamide formation and nitrogen elimination In contrast to this, in the intramolecular ... documented a very high dienophile activity of double bonds in cyclic ring systems adjoining to the terminal double bonds [45] Incipient with strained rings like cyclopropene which posesses a very high ... moieties harbouring –I and/or –M effects on the diene A., which induce a decrease of the electron density of the tetrazine ring Whereas in contrast the R3 features a +I effect resulting in a relative...
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Economics: A Very Short Introduction
... that determine the standard of living Suppose 80% of the variation in the standard of living in those 149 countries can be explained by the variation in X in the sample; the remaining 20% by ... when bargaining is involved in either Becky’s or Desta’s worlds, nor look for principles of equity that might have been invoked during negotiation To that would take us into bargaining theory, ... families, finding ingenious ways to meet the recurring problem of producing income and allocating resources among family members – over time and allowing for unexpected contingencies So, a promising route...
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Game theory: A very short introduction
... manoeuvring in heavy traffic are playing a driving game Bargain-hunters bidding on eBay are playing an auctioning game A firm and a union negotiating next year’s wage are playing a bargaining game ... way to win is to extend chains of reasoning of the form ‘He thinks that I think that he thinks that I think ’ one step further than your opponent In defence of this proposition, he invents ... can have different attitudes to taking risks In the insurance industry, the insurers are close to being risk neutral and the insurees are risk averse to varying degrees 3 Numerical payoffs Game...
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Global catastrophes: A very short introduction
... encouraging Dramatic rises in temperature and sea level in coming decades induced by greenhouse gases – in combination with ever-growing populations – will without doubt result in a huge increase in ... start to expand across their flood plains and beyond In fact, the intensity of rainfall can be quite astonishing, with, in 1970, nearly centimetres of rain falling in just 60 seconds on the French ... has increased dramatically In the spring of 1993, the Mississippi and Missouri rivers burst their banks, inundating nine Midwest states, destroying 50,000 homes and leaving damage totalling US$20...
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Photography: a very short introduction
... story This is one of the things that can make thinking about photography so fascinating, and so challenging In this short book I have not even tried to provide anything like a xi comprehensive ... promotion, images of this kind are used for disseminating public information; traffic control; recording forensic evidence and presenting that evidence in court; surveillance in banks, city streets, ... on a range of negative injunctions: no colour (black and white); no cropping; no retouching; no posing, staging, or introducing extraneous objects; no additional lighting or dramatic light effects...
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Nuclear weapons: A very short introduction
... the main points contained in Einstein’s letter Initially, the president was noncommittal and expressed concern over the necessary funds, but at a second meeting over breakfast the next morning, ... began in Britain as part of the Tube Alloys project, and in America a small amount of funding was given for research into uranium weapons, starting in 1939 with the Uranium 13 Building the bomb Einstein ... stage was eliminated entirely, violating all manufacturing practices and leading to intermittent shutdowns and endless troubleshooting during trial runs in production facilities The inherent problems...
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The meaning of life: A very short introduction
... together by indicating the act of intending or having it in mind to signify something ‘Did you mean to strangle him?’ is clearly an inquiry about your intentions, or what you had in your mind at the ... foothold in this unstable terrain continually threaten to spin out of control, turning against you and bringing you low It is in these fearful conditions that the Chorus of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King ... thing It is well known what kind of answer a silly question provokes Posing the right kind of question can open up a whole new continent of knowledge, bringing other vital queries tumbling in...
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Quantum theory: A very short introduction
... century that there was real progress in gaining understanding of the nature of light Right at the century’s beginning, in 1801, Thomas Young presented very convincing evidence for the fact that light ... rotation through 90° (again right-handed) about a horizontal axis pointing north Apply them in the order R1 followed by R2 to an arrow pointing east R1 turns this into an arrow pointing north, which ... contained, and so how many electrons were involved in collisions and ejected Increasing the intensity could not alter the energy transferred in a single collision Taking seriously the existence of quanta...
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Existentialism: A very short introduction
... followers In his quest for certitude against sceptical doubt, Descartes concluded that he could be certain of one thing, namely that he was a thinker since doubting was a form of thinking This ... ‘mediated’ otherwise individualizing choices in some higher, encompassing viewpoint in a process called ‘dialectic’ In other words, Hegel’s philosophy transformed a challenging ‘either/or’ into a comfortable ... (1770–1831), each in the name of the individual The popular press, in his view, did people’s thinking for them, the Church their believing for them, and the Hegelianism their choosing for them, in the sense...
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Chaos: A very short introduction
... to fold back on itself Imagine kneading dough, or a toffee machine continuously stretching and folding toffee An imaginary line of toffee connecting two very nearby grains of sugar will grow longer ... meteorologists’ interest in the role uncertainty plays in weather forecasts Benjamin Franklin’s interest in The emergence of chaos moment would know all forces that set nature in motion, and all ... uncertainty in a forecast grows as we predict further and further into the future In this chapter we investigate the origin and meaning of exponential growth, since on average a small uncertainty...
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Documentary film: A very short introduction
... takes the viewer into Berlin on a train and then on a day-long tour of the many urban patterns emerging from the interaction of people and machines, culminating with fireworks In the film, Ruttmann ... formative figure of cinema both in Russia and internationally Although he became a ‘‘nonperson’’ in his home country’s cinema history during the Communist era, he remained an enduring inspiration to ... rigging quiz shows) led to a period of lavish funding for investigative public affairs documentaries (Indeed, the decline of government regulation of television in the 1980s resulted in a decline...
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Fossils: A Very Short Introduction
... organisms, causing them, step by step, to increase in perfection In such cases, climbing the ladder involves some kind of literal or figurative unfolding or working out of a pre-ordained Divine plan ... ‘missing links’ in a continuous chain of existence reaching back to the beginning of life Now, every new discovery redefines our search for new ‘links’; we are on the search for fishes with legs, dinosaurs ... miraculous creation by an in nitely powerful, but nonetheless unknowable, designing intelligence During the Enlightenment, the Chain of Being became transformed into a ‘Chain of Becoming’ – a dynamic,...
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Contemporary Art: A Very Short Introduction
... liberal turn in politics, for many in the art world backed Clinton in 1992, and some were even involved in fund-raising for his campaign If these expectations were disappointed in the long run, ... combine to enrich each other, productively bringing cultures together, provoking thought, and granting insight to other histories and cultures Although it is fitting to place gravestones in a ... effective interventions was made by putting her opinions into the mouth of a character on a popular TV series This acidly amusing work places the change in public life under examination, mocking both...
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Human Evolution: A Very Short Introduction
... Gorillinae (gorillines) Genus Gorilla Subfamily Homininae (hominines) Tribe Panini (panins) Genus Pan Tribe Hominini (hominins) Subtribe Australopithecina (australopiths) Genus Ardipithecus Genus Australopithecus ... apart Proteins are made up of a string of amino acids In many instances one amino acid may be substituted for another without changing 20 the function of the protein In the 1960s and 1970s Vince Sarich ... Homininae (hominines) Genus Homo B Superfamily Hominoidea (hominoids) Family Hylobatidae (hylobatids) Genus Hylobates Subfamily Ponginae (pongines) Genus Pongo Subfamily Gorillinae (gorillines)...
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Newton: A Very Short Introduction
... could play without thinking, singers sing ‘neither minding nor missing a note’, 32 and people walked without being conscious of how they did so Vomiting induced by sticking a whalebone down one’s ... practical aspects of drawing, and also his interest in producing a wide variety of coloured inks and paints, whether from animals, vegetables, and minerals, or by mixing pre-existing colours Just over ... into forcing his antagonist’s face into the side of the church After this, Newton 14 strove to outdo his opponent in learning, not stopping until he had risen above him in the pecking order Inexorably,...
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HIV/AIDS: A Very Short Introduction
... is sexual intercourse, followed by mother-to-child infection, sharing drug-injecting equipment, and contaminated blood or instruments in health care settings Because transmission is mainly through ... prevalence in antenatal clinic patients 1.1% in 2002 and falling back to 0.9% in 2005, although increases in prevalence are being reported from some specific groups such as migrant men In East Africa, ... the numbers infected still rising in some countries South Africa’s antenatal clinic survey recorded an increased prevalence from 29.5% in 2004 to 30.2% in 2005, but this fell to 29.1% in 2006, and...
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Relativity: A Very Short Introduction
... Startling as such findings are, it is not difficult to retrace Einstein’s thinking In this book we shall see how, starting from well-known everyday observations, coupled with the results of certain ... slow brain, nothing will seem amiss Indeed, as far as she is concerned, everything inside the craft keeps in step and appears normal It is only according to the controller that everything in the ... rolling ball As you sit reading this book you are yourself tracing out a world line If you are at home, you are considered stationary, maintaining the same position coordinates But time is passing...
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