... should you pay off your credit card balance? All the bank or finance company that issued the card will tell you is the minimum you have to pay You get to decide whether to pay more, and your decision ... will youneedto make to pay off the full debt? What if you paid $60 or $75 per month? To find the answer, use equation (8) for the present value of a fixed series ofpayments In this case, the ... We needto figure out the number of payments, or n in equation (8).* Table 4.4 shows the number of months needed to pay off your $2,000 balance at various interest rates and payment amounts The...
... that a tight inof the IMT system) Hence, if the IMT has failed to tegration ofthe HTR and IMT decoding process and predict the correct word because of poor language the use ofthe available information ... a scaling factor for model m, hm the logprobability of each model considered in the loglineal interpolation and Z a normalisation factor Finally, tobalancethe absolute values ofthe morphological ... i.e the ratio between the errors committed by the on-line HTR decoder and the number of handwritten words introduced by the user All the results have been calculated as the average CER of the...
... discuss some ofthe characteristics of these mixture operations – Sum: Instead of comparing only the scores ofthe best rules, the model with the highest weighted sum ofthe probabilities ofthe rules ... models or Product of Experts (Hinton, 1999), the probability ofthe ensemble model or a rule is computed as the product ofthe probabilities of all components (or equally the sum of log-probabilities, ... union of feature sets of all corresponding hypotheses Union, on the other hand, uses hypotheses from all the phrase tables The feature set of these hypotheses are expanded to include one feature...
... times The results presented in Figure are the average of those 50 runs They are also compared tothe normalized log-likelihood ofthe “Truth”, which is the actual parameter θ used to generated the ... very large To control the size ofthe model, we first assumed that the user’s intended callee does not change during the call, which allows us to group many user actions together into generic ... directory This system is currently in use in a large company with many thousands of employees Users call the directory system and provide the name of a callee they wish to be connected to The...
... than the score ofthe F+M hypothesis -26.67 This could be the reason why the baseline selects the word “was” instead of “is” As can be seen, there is another “is” in the preceding context ofthe ... by using the backward language model (F+B) exactly match the reference However, the italic words in the baseline hypothesis fail to match the reference due tothe incorrect position ofthe word ... up to BLEU point on the NIST Chinese -to- English translation tasks with large-scale training data Further study ofthe two The overall MI trigger model scores (the logarithm of Eq (14)) of the...
... near (The Red Lion)) The order ofthe constraints in the description was randomised to reduce the effect of priming The annotators were then asked to align the attributes (e.g., Indicate the region ... = centre of town|s = reject(area(centre))) will be estimated by backing off to P (r = centre of town|h = centre) BAGEL can thus generate ‘there are no venues in the centre of town’ if the phrase ... service A crucial aspect of data collection for NLG is to ensure that the annotators understand the meaning ofthe semantics to be conveyed Annotators were first asked to provide an utterance matching...
... assumption aboutthe monotony ofthe alignment model is more often satisfied The effect of these transformation steps on the sizes of both vocabularies is shown in Table In addition to all preprocessing ... Markov model To draw the analogy with speech recognition, we have to identify the states (along the vertical axis) with the positions i ofthe target words ei and the time (along the horizont.al ... (Vidal, 1997) The general domain ofthe task comprises typical situations a visitor to a foreign country is faced with The chosen subtask corresponds to a scenario ofthe hulnan -to- human communication...
... starts There is also tendency of many lexical chains ending before a story ends As a result, there is a higher density of chain starts and ends in the proximity of a story boundary Furthermore, there ... that the probability of seeing a lexical chain start / end at a particular instance is independent ofthe starts / ends of other chains As a result, the probability of seeing a sequence of chain ... may expect, there are fewer lexical chains that straddle across a story boundary (the curve of P (C | B ) ) when compared to a non-story boundary (the curve of P(C | B) ) Based on the observations,...
... on the arguments above, the revised version of GTAP-E is chosen for the analysis of Vietnamese case The determination ofthe number of sectors and regions to be aggregated is another step in the ... hypothetical global sectors which are introduced to complete the model In fact, the theory of GTAP model is similar to other Applied General Equilibrium models The systems of GTAP comprise of ... comparing to -0.14 percent ofthe base year It seems the impact of carbon tax on GDP reaches the highest point for the period of 2004-2008, and then it is decreasing towards the year 2025 In short, the...
... formulation ofthe theory ofthe phase transitions this scale is related tothe renormalization ofthe theory and, as a matter of fact, is responsible ofthe anomalous dimension ofthe order parameter ... series, together with the duality relation that links one tothe other, allowed them to determine the exact value ofthe critical temperature ofthe model on the square lattice, given by the equation ... rotations along the axis identified by the vector S0 , i.e tothe group SO(2) One ofthe tasks ofthe theory of phase transitions is to provide an explanation for the phenomenon of spontaneously...
... cascade All of these regulatory proteins are produced in the human brain, but less is known about their CNS synthesis in other species [31] The status of some of these regulatory proteins in AD is ... administration ofthe excitotoxin kainic acid [108,109], or injection ofthe neurotoxin colchicine into the dorsal hippocampus [109] Surgical transection ofthe perforant pathway increased C1qB mRNA in the ... models of AD: present knowledge The examination of complement activation in experimental models of AD has been limited to mice and rats The extent of complement activation and its relationship to the...
... ofthe implants were counted Osseointegration was defined as bone -to- implant contact and calculated as the ratio ofthe number of bone pixels relative tothe total number of pixels (bone + soft ... at the perimeter ofthe implant Additionally, the Page of relative numbers of bone pixels were measured at varying distances (up to 0.24 mm) radially outward from the perimeter ofthe implant to ... roughness ofthe implants used ranged from a Ra of 17 to 26 microns The surface roughness ofthe implants tested by Carlsson et al and Hacking et al were in theto micron range It is therefore...
... difference in the mean values of surface hardness and the weight percentages ofthe insoluble parts The mean domain size and the volume fraction ofthe rubber phase favor that ofthe water-bath ... self-cure material A sample of 50 mg was dissolved in ml of acetone and then 10 ml of methanol was added tothe solution to precipitate the polymer The supernatant of solution was filtered through ... due tothe water which actually not reducing the strength ofthe bonds within the PMMA, but allowing the chains to slip over each other more easily Thus, reducing the stiffness and increasing the...
... theory, more severe restrictions on OFOF (OF would lead to an increase in the numbers of individuals to be selected and this together with the smaller effect ofthe major gene would retard the ... from the optimisation ofthe genetic contributions ofthe ancestors It is notable that the selection tool ignoring the genotype does as well as using the genotype without the selection tool in the ... offspring with the same genotype independent ofthe genotypes ofthe parents Thus, within genotypes, the ranking ofthe candidates is not changed relative tothe ranking obtained when using the...
... progeny, n the sirei number, n the number 2o oo ) k ( Oj ofthe level jof the kth fixed factor, and n the sire i number in the level j of ) k ( ij the kth fixed factor Boundaries ofthe criteria of precision ... order of L- It seems natural to choose some means ofthe eigenvalues as the global means ofthe ratio of quadratic forms, eg, the arithmetic and the geometric means: The geometric mean ofthe eigenvalues ... Moreover, the eigenvalues ofthe inverse of a positive definite matrix are the inverse ofthe eigenvalues of this matrix Because of all these properties, working with the eigenvalues of this kind of...
... specific factors Due tothe partitioning of variance into common and trait-specific variance, the number of factors needed to explain the variability in the data is normally notably smaller than the number ... fitting m factors Estimated factors ofthe FA9 model were rotated to ease their interpretation The purpose of rotating factors is to load variables as unambiguously as possible tothe factors In that ... Likelihood beyond the optimal fit is expected to be marginal Furthermore, the magnitude ofthe leading PC and the sum ofthe eigenvalues should be stabilized, i.e not change value as the number of PC fitted...
... variance matrix of u is (Henderson, 1984): The CD of an animal i is a function ofthe ratio ofthe variance of u knowing the i results ofthe experiment (var( tothe variance of u before the experiment ... non-null vector x, p x i CD(x) ! fJn [11] Studying the magnitude ofthe ratios of quadratic forms then amounts tothe study ofthe magnitude of these eigenvalues The occurrence ofthe null eigenvalue ... u’u will be a function ofthe ratio ofthe variance of x’u after the experiment tothe variance of x’u before the experiment, ie: The CD of individual is a particular form of this formula In an...
... of a factor by relating the sampling variance ofthe corresponding contrast under the full model to its value under a model reduced by the factors responsible for unbalancedness The purpose of ... unbiased Q of which Moreover, tr being: (QC) = ! Alternative expressions to [10] can be derived using the conditional distribution ofthe 1!IL estimator of one vector or given the value ofthe other ... hypothetical data set is employed to illustrate the procedure The layout (table I) consists of a pedigree of individuals (A to H) with performance records on of them (B to H) varying according to...