what you really need to know about the balance of payments

... should you pay off your credit card balance? All the bank or finance company that issued the card will tell you is the minimum you have to pay You get to decide whether to pay more, and your decision ... will you need to make to pay off the full debt? What if you paid $60 or $75 per month? To find the answer, use equation (8) for the present value of a fixed series of payments In this case, the ... We need to figure out the number of payments, or n in equation (8).* Table 4.4 shows the number of months needed to pay off your $2,000 balance at various interest rates and payment amounts The...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 04:25

... that a tight inof the IMT system) Hence, if the IMT has failed to tegration of the HTR and IMT decoding process and predict the correct word because of poor language the use of the available information ... a scaling factor for model m, hm the logprobability of each model considered in the loglineal interpolation and Z a normalisation factor Finally, to balance the absolute values of the morphological ... i.e the ratio between the errors committed by the on-line HTR decoder and the number of handwritten words introduced by the user All the results have been calculated as the average CER of the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... discuss some of the characteristics of these mixture operations – Sum: Instead of comparing only the scores of the best rules, the model with the highest weighted sum of the probabilities of the rules ... models or Product of Experts (Hinton, 1999), the probability of the ensemble model or a rule is computed as the product of the probabilities of all components (or equally the sum of log-probabilities, ... union of feature sets of all corresponding hypotheses Union, on the other hand, uses hypotheses from all the phrase tables The feature set of these hypotheses are expanded to include one feature...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... times The results presented in Figure are the average of those 50 runs They are also compared to the normalized log-likelihood of the “Truth”, which is the actual parameter θ used to generated the ... very large To control the size of the model, we first assumed that the user’s intended callee does not change during the call, which allows us to group many user actions together into generic ... directory This system is currently in use in a large company with many thousands of employees Users call the directory system and provide the name of a callee they wish to be connected to The...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... than the score of the F+M hypothesis -26.67 This could be the reason why the baseline selects the word “was” instead of “is” As can be seen, there is another “is” in the preceding context of the ... by using the backward language model (F+B) exactly match the reference However, the italic words in the baseline hypothesis fail to match the reference due to the incorrect position of the word ... up to BLEU point on the NIST Chinese -to- English translation tasks with large-scale training data Further study of the two The overall MI trigger model scores (the logarithm of Eq (14)) of the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... near (The Red Lion)) The order of the constraints in the description was randomised to reduce the effect of priming The annotators were then asked to align the attributes (e.g., Indicate the region ... = centre of town|s = reject(area(centre))) will be estimated by backing off to P (r = centre of town|h = centre) BAGEL can thus generate ‘there are no venues in the centre of town’ if the phrase ... service A crucial aspect of data collection for NLG is to ensure that the annotators understand the meaning of the semantics to be conveyed Annotators were first asked to provide an utterance matching...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... assumption about the monotony of the alignment model is more often satisfied The effect of these transformation steps on the sizes of both vocabularies is shown in Table In addition to all preprocessing ... Markov model To draw the analogy with speech recognition, we have to identify the states (along the vertical axis) with the positions i of the target words ei and the time (along the horizont.al ... (Vidal, 1997) The general domain of the task comprises typical situations a visitor to a foreign country is faced with The chosen subtask corresponds to a scenario of the hulnan -to- human communication...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... starts There is also tendency of many lexical chains ending before a story ends As a result, there is a higher density of chain starts and ends in the proximity of a story boundary Furthermore, there ... that the probability of seeing a lexical chain start / end at a particular instance is independent of the starts / ends of other chains As a result, the probability of seeing a sequence of chain ... may expect, there are fewer lexical chains that straddle across a story boundary (the curve of P (C | B ) ) when compared to a non-story boundary (the curve of P(C | B) ) Based on the observations,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... on the arguments above, the revised version of GTAP-E is chosen for the analysis of Vietnamese case The determination of the number of sectors and regions to be aggregated is another step in the ... hypothetical global sectors which are introduced to complete the model In fact, the theory of GTAP model is similar to other Applied General Equilibrium models The systems of GTAP comprise of ... comparing to -0.14 percent of the base year It seems the impact of carbon tax on GDP reaches the highest point for the period of 2004-2008, and then it is decreasing towards the year 2025 In short, the...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 14:07

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

... formulation of the theory of the phase transitions this scale is related to the renormalization of the theory and, as a matter of fact, is responsible of the anomalous dimension of the order parameter ... series, together with the duality relation that links one to the other, allowed them to determine the exact value of the critical temperature of the model on the square lattice, given by the equation ... rotations along the axis identified by the vector S0 , i.e to the group SO(2) One of the tasks of the theory of phase transitions is to provide an explanation for the phenomenon of spontaneously...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:45

... cascade All of these regulatory proteins are produced in the human brain, but less is known about their CNS synthesis in other species [31] The status of some of these regulatory proteins in AD is ... administration of the excitotoxin kainic acid [108,109], or injection of the neurotoxin colchicine into the dorsal hippocampus [109] Surgical transection of the perforant pathway increased C1qB mRNA in the ... models of AD: present knowledge The examination of complement activation in experimental models of AD has been limited to mice and rats The extent of complement activation and its relationship to the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... of the implants were counted Osseointegration was defined as bone -to- implant contact and calculated as the ratio of the number of bone pixels relative to the total number of pixels (bone + soft ... at the perimeter of the implant Additionally, the Page of relative numbers of bone pixels were measured at varying distances (up to 0.24 mm) radially outward from the perimeter of the implant to ... roughness of the implants used ranged from a Ra of 17 to 26 microns The surface roughness of the implants tested by Carlsson et al and Hacking et al were in the to micron range It is therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... difference in the mean values of surface hardness and the weight percentages of the insoluble parts The mean domain size and the volume fraction of the rubber phase favor that of the water-bath ... self-cure material A sample of 50 mg was dissolved in ml of acetone and then 10 ml of methanol was added to the solution to precipitate the polymer The supernatant of solution was filtered through ... due to the water which actually not reducing the strength of the bonds within the PMMA, but allowing the chains to slip over each other more easily Thus, reducing the stiffness and increasing the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... theory, more severe restrictions on OF OF (OF would lead to an increase in the numbers of individuals to be selected and this together with the smaller effect of the major gene would retard the ... from the optimisation of the genetic contributions of the ancestors It is notable that the selection tool ignoring the genotype does as well as using the genotype without the selection tool in the ... offspring with the same genotype independent of the genotypes of the parents Thus, within genotypes, the ranking of the candidates is not changed relative to the ranking obtained when using the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... progeny, n the sirei number, n the number 2o oo ) k ( Oj of the level jof the kth fixed factor, and n the sire i number in the level j of ) k ( ij the kth fixed factor Boundaries of the criteria of precision ... order of L- It seems natural to choose some means of the eigenvalues as the global means of the ratio of quadratic forms, eg, the arithmetic and the geometric means: The geometric mean of the eigenvalues ... Moreover, the eigenvalues of the inverse of a positive definite matrix are the inverse of the eigenvalues of this matrix Because of all these properties, working with the eigenvalues of this kind of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... specific factors Due to the partitioning of variance into common and trait-specific variance, the number of factors needed to explain the variability in the data is normally notably smaller than the number ... fitting m factors Estimated factors of the FA9 model were rotated to ease their interpretation The purpose of rotating factors is to load variables as unambiguously as possible to the factors In that ... Likelihood beyond the optimal fit is expected to be marginal Furthermore, the magnitude of the leading PC and the sum of the eigenvalues should be stabilized, i.e not change value as the number of PC fitted...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... variance matrix of u is (Henderson, 1984): The CD of an animal i is a function of the ratio of the variance of u knowing the i results of the experiment (var( to the variance of u before the experiment ... non-null vector x, p x i CD(x) ! fJn [11] Studying the magnitude of the ratios of quadratic forms then amounts to the study of the magnitude of these eigenvalues The occurrence of the null eigenvalue ... u’u will be a function of the ratio of the variance of x’u after the experiment to the variance of x’u before the experiment, ie: The CD of individual is a particular form of this formula In an...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... of a factor by relating the sampling variance of the corresponding contrast under the full model to its value under a model reduced by the factors responsible for unbalancedness The purpose of ... unbiased Q of which Moreover, tr being: (QC) = ! Alternative expressions to [10] can be derived using the conditional distribution of the 1!IL estimator of one vector or given the value of the other ... hypothetical data set is employed to illustrate the procedure The layout (table I) consists of a pedigree of individuals (A to H) with performance records on of them (B to H) varying according to...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20