wang s laws of software engineering

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 09:20

... • Documents • Procedures used to setup and operate the software system (Program is a subset of software, or Software is a superset of programs) Software applications • • • • System Software: a ... machines • A discipline whose aim is the production of quality software, software that is delivered on time, within budget, and that satisfies its requirements Software Consist of: • Programs • ... Attributes of Good Software • Maintainability Software must evolve to meet changing needs • Dependability Software must be trustworthy • Efficiency Software should not make wasteful use of • system resources...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... resources, etc • Because of software s growing importance, its development must be managed even more carefully than other areas of large projects • Often, in the past, software was randomly assembled ... FUNDAMENTALS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGEMENT Their own roles in a software development project Management techniques for improved software development Behind the scenes issues dealt with by software ... Software also plays an ever-increasing role in business management: it controls equipment maintenance management, logistics, resource allocations, business processes, financial transactions, accounting,...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20

... ứng yêu cầu Software Consist of: • Programs • Documents • Procedures used to setup and operate the software system (Program is a subset of software, or Software is a superset of programs) Phần mềm ... Attributes of Good Software • Maintainability Software must evolve to meet changing needs • Dependability Software must be trustworthy • Efficiency Software should not make wasteful use of system resources ... events as they occur (weather forecasting) • Embedded Software: placed in ROM of the product and control various functions of product • Business Software: designed to process business applications...

Ngày tải lên: 12/05/2014, 11:09

... correct answer to the question, this is it! It is interesting to compare this discussion of dark side matters with a comparable discussion of software project failures Dark side discussions tend ... IMPACT OF SUBVERSIVE STAKEHOLDERS ON SOFTWARE PROJECTS “Subversive stakeholders” are software project stakeholders who want the project to fail This section of our book discusses our survey which ... of some event as a “subversion” comes from patterns of behavior over time Such subversion rarely rises to the level of project progress reports Case-Specific Discoveries Sometimes subversion is...

Ngày tải lên: 31/05/2014, 01:41

... the systems at ICL and Telenor Telecom Software has descriptions of technical work processes in them, and at sd&m and ICL Finland, we nd lists of employees skills, as well as lists of customers, ... contents, as well as several roles for process analysts, responsible for analysing information from processes such as the estimation process, project management process and the testing process Although ... Runaways [8] After listing all these problems that exist in software, you may ask: are all software systems that bad? That is not so, there are a lot of software projects which deliver software...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 16:33

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 13:20

... companies to pursue software reengineering strategies (Chapter 30) In a global sense, software reengineering is often considered as part of business process reengineering The phases and related steps ... synonymous with software engineering? The answer is “yes” and “no.” A software process defines the approach that is taken as software is engineered But software engineering also encompasses technologies ... but a few discuss software itself Pressman and Herron (Software Shock, Dorset House, 1991) presented an early discussion (directed at the layperson) of software and the way professionals build it...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 02:20

... Classifier Association mô tả liên hệ ngữ nghĩa Classifier AssociationClass (Lớp kết hợp), Thừa kế từ Class Association, AssociationClass vừa có tính chất Class vừa có tính chất Association AssociationClass ... k Simulus (from Core) +slot * Classifier +classifie r * +value * * {orderd} +receiver +argum ent * 1 * +sender 1 +asscociatio n (from Core) +instance +resident NodeInstance +resident * * * Asscociatio ... Instances Links (thể liên kết) Link đợc định nghĩa mô hình Instances Links siêu mô hình UML Instance định nghĩa thể classifier, thể liên kết với qua Link Instance Stimulus (tác nhân) Stimulus...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 02:20

... OF THE DIVISION OF PROPOSITIONS INTO THE TWO CLASSES OF “PRIMARY” AND “SECONDARY;” OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF THOSE CLASSES, AND OF THE LAWS OF THE EXPRESSION OF PRIMARY PROPOSITIONS ... so on Any such term as the above we shall designate as a “class term,” because it expresses a class of things by means of the common properties or names of the individual members of such class ... those members of a class x which possess a certain property z are identical with those members of a class y which possess the same property z, it does not follow that the members of the class...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 19:20

... versions shows how the same data structures are handled in each, and how expressiveness and performance vary across a spectrum of languages Interfaces between users, programs, and parts of programs ... easy to extensive testing with modest effort Stress tests provide a different kind of testing than typical users and ferret out a different class of bugs Computers are so fast and compilers are ... world of enormous and intricate interfaces, constantly changing tools and languages and systems, and relentless pressure for more of everything, one can lose sight of the basic principles-simplicity,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... and right sub-arrays; when this has finished, the whole array has been sorted How fast is quicksort? In the best possible case, the first pass partitions n elements into two groups of about n/2 ... because the strings are stored as members of a structure The clumsiness of providing the key means that bsearch provides less leverage than qsort A good general-purpose sort routine takes a page ... provide consistently professional results Raymond Fielding The Technique of Special Effects Cinematography The study of algorithms and data structures is one of the foundations of computer science,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... suffixes, and in the output pass to select at random from the possible suffixes This suggests a hash table whose keys are prefixes and whose values are the sets of suffixes for the corresponding ... structures, some vital to good performance in special circumstances, most programs are based largely on arrays, lists, trees, and hash tables Each of these supports a set of primitive operations, usually ... class that holds lists of type Object What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various languages for this job? Exercise 2-10 Devise and implement a set of tests for verifying that the list...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... programs like Markov, that run for only a few seconds Less clear, however, is how to assess the loss of control and insight when the pile of system-supplied code gets so big that one no longer knows ... for overflows, let alone return sensible values in case of errors The input is assumed to consist of lines terminated by newlines Fields are separated by conlmas and surrounding quotes are removed ... instead of a third subscript to keep track of suffixes; it also uses multiple assignment to update the prefix Perl uses special characters to indicate the types of variables: $ marks a scalar and @...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... program and its human users Most of the example programs in this book are text-based, so their user interfaces tend to be straightforward As we discussed in the previous section, errors should be ... and scanf are an endless source of easy bugs: The signature of this error is sometimes the appearance of preposterous values: huge integers or improbably large or small floating-point values On ... understanding data structures, as we saw in Chapter 2, and of course when writing graphics software, but they can be used for all kinds of programs Scatter plots display misplaced values more...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... languages into assembly code; we use regular expressions to specify patterns of text; we use notations like SUM(A1:ASO) to represent operations over a range of cells in a spreadsheet In such cases, ... ntf, using as many mechanical aids as possible 6.4 Test Scaffolds Our discussion so far is based largely on testing a single stand-alone program in its completed form This is not the only kind of ... complication, its output is random and different each time How can we apply some of the lessons of this chapter to testing this program? The first set of tests consists of a handful of tiny files that...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... processors, spreadsheets, database systems-fall into this category as well, since commercial success is often to the swiftest, at least in published benchmark results It 's important to time programs as ... manifests itself as lots of calls on malloc or new When most requests are for blocks of the same size, substantial speedups are possible by replacing calls to the general-purpose allocator by calls ... One of the services of the gateway is to filter out "spam." unsolicited mail that advertises services of dubious merit After successful early trials of the spam filter, the service was installed...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... problems is system software that changes during its lifetime These changes can happen at any interface in the system, causing gratuitous incompatibilities between existing versions of programs Change ... system compiles from the same #i fdef-free source on a variety of processors and uses the Unicode character set throughout Recent versions of Sam (first described in "The Text Editor sam," Sofh~are-Practice ... classes of strings; HTML lets us define the layout of interactive documents, often using embedded programs in other languages such as JavaScript; Postscript expresses an entire document-this book,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... optimizations Our whirlwind tour of code generation has shown only glimpses of some of the techniques used by real compilers and entirely missed many more It has also sidestepped many of the issues raised ... each line of its input files and prints those lines that contain matching strings This simple specification, plus the power of regular expressions, lets it solve many day-to-day tasks In the following ... for a substitution operator, it is essential Our grep is competitive with system-supplied versions, regardless of the regular expression There are pathological expressions that can cause exponential...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20

... expressions Be clear Be careful with side effects Use a consistent indentation and brace style Use idioms for consistency Use else-ifs for multi-way decisions Avoid function macros Parenthesize ... Use tools Keep records Testing Test code at its boundaries Test pre- and post-conditions Use assertions Program defensively Check error returns Test incrementally Test simple parts first Know ... issues appear in many places Libraries present the most obvious cases but there are also interfaces between programs and between users and programs The desire for simplicity and generality applies...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:20