versus flexible exchange rate systems

... currency i and vice versa, where e represents exchange rate of Indian rupee against the numeraire, SDR in indexed form and ei represents exchange rate of foreign currency ‘i’ against the numeraire ... daily morning eastern market exchange rates of five currencies, except euro, are crossed with RBI reference rate for the US dollar In the case of Euro, RBI’s reference rate is taken into account ... basic source for data on monthly exchange rates and prices for 36 currencies is the IFS of the International Monetary Fund2 With the IFS providing data on exchange rate and prices with a lag of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2012, 16:47

... however, leave exchange rates wholly at the mercy of market forces Most of them attempt to influence the level of their currency when necessary Managed (or dirty) floating exchange rate are more ... currencies There was also an Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): if the rate diverged by more than plus or minus 2¼ per cent from the central parity, central banks had to intervene in exchange market, buying ... currency.T The EMS was designed to stabilize exchange rate. T To speculate is to take risks; to hedge is to try to avoid risks.T Under the system of floating exchange rates, currencies can depreciate 100%...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2013, 14:27

... the exchange rate One of the first problems that arises when thinking about exchange rate exposure is bWhich is the relevant exchange rate? Q Many, if not most studies use the trade-weighted exchange ... respect to the exchange rate To be clear, persistent ex post exchange rate exposure should not be interpreted as evidence against market efficiency because idiosyncratic exchange rate risk could ... links between exchange rate exposure and other factors are reported in Section Section concludes Defining exchange rate exposure We follow the extensive literature on foreign exchange rate exposure...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 17:15

... weaker exchange rate, while an interest rate increase may have prevented the exchange rate from falling even further (see Norges Bank 2000, p 16.) In the long run however, the exchange rate will ... prices and interest rate will cause the exchange rate to depreciate in the short run, and a higher foreign price and interest rate will imply an appreciation of the exchange rate Historically, ... depreciation rate from period t to t+1, it is the domestic interest rate and it* is the foreign interest rate Hence, an interest rate differential at time t, will then lead to an expected depreciation rate...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 05:20

... (BSS) basic rate set: The set of data transfer rates that all the stations in a BSS will be capable of using to receive frames from the wireless medium (WM) The BSS basic rate set data rates are ... 3.23 extended rate set (ERS): The set of data transfer rates supported by a station (if any) beyond the extended service set (ESS) basic rate set This set may include data transfer rates that will ... 3.43 station basic rate: A data transfer rate belonging to the extended service set (ESS) basic rate set that is used by a station for specific transmissions The station basic rate may change dynamically...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 15:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... computed using the CPI The nominal interest rate is a short-term rate for each country As nominal exchange rate variable we use a nominal trade-weighted exchange rate index, whereas the terms of trade ... in fact respond to exchange rates movements Do Central Banks Respond to Exchange Rates? We reestimate the model for the four countries under the restriction that the exchange rate does not play ... the responsive of the economy to interest rate changes, while exchange rate movements contain information on inflation Directly responding to exchange rate fluctuations may not be the optimal policy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 14:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 02:20

... Vietnam’s exchange rate regime has evolved from a system of multiple exchange rates to a single announced fixed rate, then to the current system of a narrow adjustable band around the official rate, ... officials; and (3) estimation of the volatility of exchange rates Trends in exchange rates Figure illustrates annual movements of the nominal VND/USD rate (of which a rise corresponds to a weakening ... Mechanisms to support stability in the VND/USD rate The current exchange rate regime incorporates an announced official ER and a band of allowable exchange rate quotations These two devices have been...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... giả định giản lược này, mô hình nói Trang The Economics of Exchange Rate – Mark P Taylor mối liên hệ tỷ giá cân (equibilibrium exchange rate ) với số biến vĩ mô quan trọng khác GDP, lạm phát, tổng ... rủi ro họ nắm giữ ngoại tệ Hai sai lầm kỳ vọng hợp lý người tham gia Trang The Economics of Exchange Rate – Mark P Taylor thị trường họ kỳ vọng mức vào hội kinh doanh Taylor trình bày mở rộng ... The Economics of Exchange Rate – Mark P Taylor Bài nghiên cứu Taylor tổng hợp từ tất mà nhà kinh tế học nghiên cứu tỷ...

Ngày tải lên: 12/03/2014, 16:05

... experimentally measured value of the v ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT, and vi is the value of the ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT calculated on the model at a point ... Pi on DpH Fig Titration of ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT with cATR and correlation with DWm (A) ATPADP steadystate exchange rate mediated by ANT determined as a function of ... Metelkin et al Fig Effect of nigericin on ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT Bar graph of ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT in the absence (white bar) and presence...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 00:20

... YH, John AT (1999) Flexible AC Transmission Systems IEE Press, London Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L (2000) Understanding FACTS – concepts and technology of flexible ac transmission systems New York: ... the strategy proposed can enforce successfully the multiple violated voltage and current (inequality) constraints associated with a STATCOM on the IEEE systems The constraint enforcement strategy ... demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed multi-control functional STATCOM model for power system steady state operation and control Furthermore, a comprehensive strategy...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... YH, John AT (1999) Flexible AC Transmission Systems IEE Press, London Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L (2000) Understanding FACTS – concepts and technology of flexible ac transmission systems New York: ... power flows, respectively, leaving bus j Psh is the real power exchange of the shunt converter with the DC link Pse is the real power exchange of the series converter with the DC link 3.1.1.2 Power ... the UPFC (active power exchange between two inverters via the DC link) is: ∆P¦ = PEsh − PEse = (3.7) where PEsh = Re(Vsh I * ) and PEse = Re(Vse I * ) are active power exchange of sh ji the shunt...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... the active power exchange of the converters with the DC link For the SSSCs plus STATCOM configuration the series converters are operated as SSSCs while the shunt converter is operated as a STATCOM, ... FACTS concepts and technology of flexible ac transmission systems New York: IEEE Press [44] Handschin E, Lehmkoester C (1999) Optimal power flow for deregulated systems with FACTS-Devices 13th ... control voltage and power flow Real power can be exchanged among these shunt and series converters via the common DC link The sum of the real power exchange should be zero if we neglect the losses...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... separate single-phase SSSCs installed on phase a, b, c of the transmission line in Fig 5.4, respectively Since each single phase SSSC can neither generate nor absorb active power, the power exchange ... distribution systems IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 10, no 4, pp 20452052 Exposito GA, Ramos ER (1999) Reliable load flow technique for radial distribution networks IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, ... International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol 2, pp 181-192 Arrillaga J, Arnold CP (1983) Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons Chen BK, Chen MS, Shoults...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... reactive power and voltage influence in TC may generate errors that in certain conditions could drive the computation to be wrong or at least give inaccurate results The repeated power flow calculation ... Transactions on Power Systems, vol 5, no 1, pp 103-110 Ajjarapu V, Christy C (1992) The continuation power flow: a tool for steady state voltage stability analysis IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol ... Alvarado FL (1993) Point of collapse and continuation methods for large ac/dc systems IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 8, no 1, pp 1-8 Chiang HD, Shah KS, Balu N (1995) CPFLOW: a practical...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... Steady State Voltage Stability of Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems 7.2.5.3 Comparison of Balanced Three-Phase Systems and SinglePhase Systems It should be pointed out that for a balanced system, ... analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems are much more complex than that of single-phase positive sequence power systems or balanced three-phase power systems 226 Steady State Voltage Stability ... interesting phenomena from the unbalanced three-phase systems, which are quite different from that of single-phase systems or balanced three-phase systems Due to the combinations of the complexity...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... principle be fast enough, the DFC would provide more flexibility The result is that the power system operates loss optimal most of the time Only in emergency situations the DFC changes to a new set value ... specific contingency The calculation of these pre-defined values must be done frequently to be as accurate as possible to the actual situation • As an alternative, not the contingency itself, e.g the ... control 242 Congestion Management and Loss Optimization with FACTS speed The fastest and most accurate control system would be a wide area control system based on time-synchronized phasor measurements...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10

... transformer based, especially phase shifter, or power electronic based subsystems are installed In particular the latter ones are integrated into the system to enable power flow control, reactive power ... control systems, within this approach the amount of high speed data transmission is drastically reduced No additional broadband SCADA-system is needed for the realization However a certain exchange ... to damp power swings IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 10, no [2] Povh D, Haubrich H (1996) Global settings of FACTS controllers in power systems CIGRE Session Paper 14-305 [3] Glavitsch...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:10