vasopressin and disorders of fluids and electrolytes

... predators Ease of daily observation of stocks for better management and early detection and treatment of parasites and diseases Reduces fish handling and mortalities Easy fish harvest Storage and transport ... hatchery and processing facilities Combines several types of culture within one water body; treatments and harvests independent Ease of movement and relocation of cages Intensification of fish ... production of commercial finfish and will probably be the most efficient and economical way of raising fish Aquaculturists realize the need to limit further conversion of wetlands and mangroves...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 17:20

... following erosion of sole horn 102 COLOR ATLAS OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF CATTLE 7.9.  Removal of hoof wall to allow drainage of ascending white line infection Management:  white line disorders are ... wall (zones and in 7.2) It consists of nontubular horn, and as a consequence it is much weaker than the tubular horn of the wall and sole Disorders of the corium lead to the production of defective ... band The abaxial white line of the hind lateral Disorders of the sole and axial wall White line disorders Definition:  the white line is the cemented junction between the sole horn and the hoof...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:20

... Evaluation, and Management of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy This guideline has been reviewed and approved by the Hypertension Guideline Committee and approved by the Executive and Council of ... evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy The resulting guidelines, published in the CMAJ in 19974–6 and endorsed by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, ... Evaluation, and Management of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Table Risk stratification for preeclampsia and intensity of antenatal care: EMMA Clinic, Vancouver Risk Nature of previous PET No of...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 14:20

... England, 4.68 † Dr Peter Ossent, University of Zürich, Switzerland, 7.13 Prof A.L Parodi, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, France, 7.161, 7.162 †Prof H Pearson, University of Bristol, England, ... soiling of the flanks and tail in this 3-week-old Holstein heifer (2.19) Originally considered to be part 18 COLOR ATLAS OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF CATTLE 2.16.  Calf scour with rotavirus and cryptosporidial ... Pelodera (Rhabditis bovis), Stephanofilaria, and Parafilaria Cutaneous stephanofilariasis Microfilariae of Stephanofilaria stilesi are introduced into the skin of the ventral midline by the horn...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:21

... patients suffering from disorders and diseases of the brain, the advances in brain research provide hope in the form of their own understanding of what is going wrong and in the form of advances in novel ... environmental factors, and eruption of neuropsychiatric disorders We have provided an overview of the unique properties and connectivity of the PFC circuitry and alterations during the juvenile and adolescent ... symptoms of other disorders 30 When Things Go Wrong – Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain 1.7 Externalizing and aggressive behavior in GTS The challenge of characterizing GTS per se is often...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... glossopharyngeal, and vagal afferents in the nose, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx Flavor is the complex interaction of taste, smell, and somatic sensation Terms relating to disorders of smell ... features resembling glia of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, surround the axons along their course The glomeruli are the focus of a high degree of convergence of information, since ... nucleus and the amygdala Cognitive awareness of smell requires stimulation of the prepiriform cortex or amygdaloid nuclei A secondary site of olfactory chemosensation is located in the epithelium of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... subjective distortion of taste and smell, which may become more severe as the disease progresses The loss of taste and smell may play an important role in the development and progression of HIV-associated ... with gliomas of the frontal lobe Occasionally, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, suprasellar meningiomas, and aneurysms of the anterior part of the circle of Willis extend forward and damage ... hypoplastic, lack cilia, and not project above the surrounding supporting cells Meningiomas of the inferior frontal region are the most frequent neoplastic cause of anosmia; loss of smell may be the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... spontaneous recovery often occurs Zinc and vitamin therapy (especially with vitamin A) are advocated by some Profound zinc deficiency can produce loss and distortion of the sense of smell but is not ... sensation and find it necessary to hyperflavor food, usually by increasing the amount of salt in their diet Taste Compared with disorders of smell, gustatory disorders are uncommon Loss of olfactory ... basis of chance because of the inclusion of some odorants that act by trigeminal stimulation Olfactory threshold testing is another method of assessing olfactory function Following assessment of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... lateral margin and dorsum of the tongue; at the junction of the dorsum and the base of the tongue; and in the palate, epiglottis, larynx, and esophagus Figure 30-2 Taste A The taste buds of the anterior ... and vagal nerves The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve subserves taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue The posterior third of the tongue is supplied by the lingual branch of ... lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) [Adapted from ER Kandel et al (eds): Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000; with permission.] B The main types of taste...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Gustatory Losses Renal disease Aging Stroke and other CNS respiratory tract disorders Candidiasis Trauma Drugs (antithyroid and antineoplastic) Upper Endocrine disorders infections Oral neoplasms Pemphigus ... to the oral cavity and pharynx; viral infections; endocrine disorders; neoplasms; and aging Neural gustatory losses occur with neoplasms, trauma, and surgical procedures in which ... complaints Xerostomia, the use of antibiotics or glucocorticoids, or immunodeficiency can lead to overgrowth of Candida; overgrowth alone, without thrush or overt signs of infection, can be associated...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nerve in the mastoid Disorders of the Sense of Taste: Treatment Treatment of gustatory disorders is limited No effective therapies exist for the sensorineural disorders of taste Altered taste ... Hearing Hearing loss is one of the most common sensory disorders in humans and can present at any age Nearly 10% of the adult population has some hearing loss, and one-third of individuals >65 years ... xerostomia Appropriate treatment of bacterial and fungal infections of the oral cavity can be of great help in improving taste function Taste disturbance related to drugs can often be resolved by changing...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... response to particular phases of the cycle of the sound wave Intensity is encoded by the amount of neural activity in individual neurons, the number of neurons that are active, and the specific neurons ... systems Nearly two-thirds of HHIs are nonsyndromic, and the remaining one-third are syndromic Between 70 and 80% of nonsyndromic HHI is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and designated DFNB; ... (KCNQ4, SLC26A4), and gap junction proteins (GJB2, GJB3, GJB6) Several of these genes, including connexin 26 (GJB2), TECTA, and TMC1, cause both autosomal dominant and recessive forms of nonsyndromic...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... mitochondrial disorders [mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF); progressive ... Cytoskeletal protein EYA1 Developmental gene SIX1 Developmental gene KVLQT1 Delayed BOR syndrome Jervell and LangeNielsen syndrome rectifier K+ rectifier K+ channel KCNE1 Delayed channel Norrie disease ... Cell-cell interactions Pendred syndrome SLC26A4 Chloride/iodide transporter Treacher Collins TCOF1 Nucleolar-cytoplasmic transport Usher syndrome MYO7A Cytoskeletal protein USH1C Unknown CDH23...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... bone and normal ear tissue Theories of pathogenesis include traumatic implantation and invasion, immigration and invasion through a perforation, and metaplasia following chronic infection and ... the canal; atresia or neoplasms of the canal; perforations of the tympanic membrane; disruption of the ossicular chain, as occurs with necrosis of the long process of the incus in trauma or infection; ... CT scan of temporal bone; t , MRI scan Conductive Hearing Loss This results from obstruction of the external auditory canal by cerumen, debris, and foreign bodies; swelling of the lining of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... directed towards the control of vertigo A low-salt diet is the mainstay of treatment for control of rotatory vertigo Diuretics, a short course of glucocorticoids, and intratympanic gentamicin ... ear canal, and determine the integrity of the ossicular chain and the involvement of the inner ear CSF leaks that accompany temporal bone fractures are usually self-limited; the value of prophylactic ... Surgical therapy of vertigo is reserved for unresponsive cases and includes endolymphatic sac decompression, labyrinthectomy, and vestibular nerve section Both labyrinthectomy and vestibular nerve...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... canal of the elderly is often dry and fragile; it is preferable to clean cerumen with wall-mounted suction and cerumen loops and to avoid irrigation In examining the eardrum, the topography of the ... be evidence of chronic eustachian tube dysfunction or cholesteatoma Insufflation of the ear canal is necessary to assess tympanic membrane mobility and compliance Careful inspection of the nose, ... acoustic reflexes, and acoustic-reflex decay This test battery provides a screening evaluation of the entire auditory system and allows one to determine whether further differentiation of a sensory...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... establishes the presence and severity of hearing impairment, unilateral vs bilateral involvement, and the type of hearing loss Conductive hearing losses with a large mass component, as is often seen in ... with sound stimulation The presence of OAEs indicates that the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti are intact and can be used to assess auditory thresholds and to distinguish sensory from neural ... tone elicits contraction of the stapedius muscle The change in compliance of the middle ear with contraction of the stapedius muscle can be detected The presence or absence of this acoustic reflex...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nerve and brain Axial and coronal CT of the temporal bone with fine 1- mm cuts is ideal for determining the caliber of the external auditory canal, integrity of the ossicular chain, and presence of ... demyelinating lesions of the brainstem, and brain tumors Both CT and MRI are equally capable of identifying inner-ear malformations and assessing cochlear patency for preoperative evaluation of patients ... dehiscence and perilymphatic fistula Imaging Studies The choice of radiologic tests is largely determined by whether the goal is to evaluate the bony anatomy of the external, middle, and inner...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... The use of a tinnitus masker is often followed by several hours of inhibition of the tinnitus Antidepressants have been shown to be beneficial in helping patients cope with tinnitus Hard -of- hearing ... antibiotic therapy of adequate duration for AOM and by ventilation of the middle ear with tympanostomy tubes in middle-ear effusions lasting ≥12 weeks Loss of vestibular function and deafness due ... electrical equipment and target practice and hunting with small firearms All internal-combustion and electric engines, including snow and leaf blowers, snowmobiles, outboard motors, and chain saws,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... marrow Threefourths of the nucleated cells of bone marrow are committed to the production of leukocytes Leukocyte maturation in the marrow is under the regulatory control of a number of different factors, ... factors (CSFs) and interleukins (ILs) Because an alteration in the number and type of leukocytes is often associated with disease processes, total white blood count (WBC) (cells per µL) and differential ... final stages of maturation, no cell division occurs, and the cell passes through the metamyelocyte stage and then to the band neutrophil with a sausage-shaped nucleus (Fig 61-3) As the band cell...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20