variables and constants in computer programming

... once including cardiac index and once including cardiac power index. All models were adjusted for age, admission year, mean catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephirne, dobutamine and milrinone) dos- ... cardiac index and mixed venous oxygen saturation between 1.5 and 2.7 L/min/m 2 and 55 and 65%, respectively, all patients were treated with an inotropic agent. Dobutamine and epinephrine were ... car- diac index and cardiac power index dropped below 3 L/min/ m 2 and 0.8 W/m 2 , respectively, and substantially increased with cardiac index drops below 2 L/min/m 2 and cardiac power index drops

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 19:20

... exposure to computers. We use the interactive interface of Mozart to introduce programming concepts in a progressive way. We encourage you to try the examples in this chapter on a running Mozart ... Creating a new link is called consing.If T is a list, then consing H and T together makes a new list H|T: 1 Much list terminology was introduced with the Lisp language in the late 1950’s and has ... Higher-order programming We have written an efficient... integers: fun lazy {Ints N} N|{Ints N +1} end Calling {Ints 0} calculates the in? ??nite list 0 |1| 2|3|4|5| This looks like it is an in? ??nite loop,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... important are exception handling, concurrency, components (for programming in the large), capabilities (for encap- sulation and security), and state (leading to objects and classes). In the context of ... Second, a set of programming techniques and design principles used to write programs in the language of the computation model. We will sometimes call this a programming model. A programming model is ... execution, message passing, active objects, monitors, and transactions. We will also talk about user interface design, distribution (including fault tolerance), and constraints (including search). Structure

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... fit for certain kinds of programs and a bad fit for others. This chapter and the next examine the programming techniques of the declarative model and explain what kinds of programs can and cannot ... What is declarativeness? Iterative and recursive computation Programming with lists and trees Definition The model with recursion Programming Higher−order programming Control abstractions Abstract ... overview of programming techniques. The third and fourth parts explain procedural and data abstraction. The fifth part shows how declarative programming interacts with the rest of the computing environment.

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... important programming techniques, including lazy streams and list compre- hensions. • Soft real-time programming. Section 4.6 explains how to program with time in the concurrent model. • Limitations and ... ago, parallel skiing was thought to be a skill attain- able only after many years of training and practice. Today, it is routinely achieved during the course of a single skiing season. [ ] All ... also goes deeper into var- ious topics including the different kinds of nondeterminism, lazy execution, dataflow variables, and synchronization (both explicit and implicit). Final- ly, Section

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... does the following: • Create a fresh port name n. • Bind E(y)andn in the store. • If the binding is successful, then add the pair E(y):E(x) to the mutable store µ. • If the binding fails, then ... declarative. Another programming style is to use the model directly, programming with ports, dataflow variables, threads, and procedures. This style can be useful for building concurrency abstractions, ... message protocols Port objects work together by exchanging messages in coordinated ways. It is interesting to study what kinds of coordination are important. This leads us to define a protocol

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... Declarative programming, taken literally, means programming with declarations, i.e., saying what is required and letting the system determine how to achieve it. Imperative programming, taken literally, ... declarative! One could tell the computer that I+J is required with- out specifying where in memory to store I and J and what machine instructions are needed to retrieve and add them. In this relative sense, ... building The principle of abstraction As far as we know, the most successful system-building principle for intelligent beings with finite thinking abilities, such as human beings, is the principle of

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... to an object and its classes,... Programming with inheritance All the programming techniques of stateful programming and declarative programming are still possible in the object ... ADTs incrementally, using inheritance. This avoids duplicated code. Object-oriented programming is one of the most successful and pervasive ar- eas in informatics. From its timid beginnings in ... Object-Oriented Programming Stateful model with inheritance Inheritance is the essential difference between object-oriented programming and most other kinds of stateful programming. It is important

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... possible interleavings and allows us to reason using invariants. Sending and receiving messages between port objects introduces a causality between events (send, receive, and internal). Reasoning ... transactions. Again, this limits the possible interleavings and allows us to reason using invariants. Relationship between ports and cells The message-passing and shared-state models are equivalent in expressiveness. ... directly in the stateful concurrent model, either in message- passing style (using threads, ports, and dataflow variables, see Section 5.5), in shared-state style (using threads, cells, and dataflow variables,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... for more efficiency we recommend using constraint programming instead, as explained in Chapter 12. Using relational programming is a precursor to constraint programming. The problem is to place n ... constraint-based computation model, which is explained in Chapter 12. They were originally designed for constraint programming, a powerful generalization of relational programming. Chapter 12 explains ... an introduction to Prolog, a programming language based on relational programming. Prolog was originally designed for natural lan- guage processing, but has become one of the main programming

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... that shows the advantages of programming with concepts instead of programming in models. We start from the declarative programming techniques of Chapter 3 and add state and concurrency ex- actly ... action procedures and unbound variables (for handler objects) Window on screen Build user interface Actions and handler objects (interpret description to create handler objects and event thread) ... interprets it and builds the interface. QTk.build does two things. • It builds a window using its underlying graphics package. • It sets up an internal mechanism so that the application can interact

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... concurrent programming. Ideally, distributed programming would be just a kind of concurrent programming, and the techniques we have seen earlier in the book would still apply. Distributed programming ... a system, the Internet, has been growing exponentially ever since its inception in the late 1970’s. The number of host computers that are part of it has been doubling each year since 1980. The ... (protection against malicious intent) and naming (finding one another). How do we manage this complexity? Let us attempt to use the principle of separation of concerns. According to this principle,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... constraint programming is calculating with partial information, namely keeping partial information and doing local deduction on it. We give an example to show how this works, using intervals of integers. ... 12 Constraint Programming “Plans within plans within plans within plans.” – Dune, Frank Herbert (1920–1986) Constraint programming consists of a set of techniques for solving constraint satisfaction ... of encapsulating constraints inside a kind of container called a computation space. • Section 12.2 shows how to specify and solve some example constraint prob- lems using propagate -and- search.

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... parts: a single-assignment store and a predicate store: • The single-assignment store (also called constraint store) contains variables and their bindings. The constraint store is monotonic: variables ... doing a binding) and entailment (checking whether some information is in the store). The constraint store entails information. For example, the store x=3 ∧ x=y entails y=3, even though that information ... procedure store (containing procedure values), the mutable store (contain- ing cells), the trigger store (containing by-need triggers), and the read-only store (containing read-only views). Some

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... users, and Per Brand for his role in coordinating development of the distributed im- plementation. In 1996, the German and Swedish labs were joined by the De- partment of Computing Science and Engineering ... of programming as a single discipline has been lost. Teaching programming in this fashion is like having separate schools of bridge building: one school teaches how to build wooden bridges and ... metaphors, images, and ways of thinking.” – Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas [141], Sey- mour Papert (1980) One approach to study computer programming is to study programming lan- guages....

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 06:20

... the number of vertices in the primitive is small, the overhead in setting up the array pointers and enabling and disabling individual arrays may outweigh the savings in the individual function calls ... Gritz Curves and Surfaces in Geometric Modeling: Theory and Algorithms Jean Gallier Andrew Glassner’s Notebook: Recreational Computer Graphics Andrew S. Glassner Warping and Morphing of Graphical ... Brian A. Barsky, and David Zeltzer Geometric and Solid Modeling: An Introduction Christoph M. Hoffmann An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling Richard H....

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 01:06

... children and adolescents age 5–17 using computers at home and at Number of children (in thousands) Percent using computers at home Percent using computers at school school, by child and family/household ... have made major gains as well (Levin, Hurst, and Burns 2000). However, differences among schools persist in student access to computer resources, including student /computer and computer/ classroom ... between children in single-parent households and children in other family situations and between those living in poverty and those not in poverty, these results are not observed in the regression...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 00:20

... Transmitting, transforming, and extending knowledge, as well as promoting the intellectual and moral development of students (Boyer, 1990) • Scholarship. Discovering, integrating, evaluating, and preserving ... networks and computer systems of colleges and universi- ties abound with student, medical, and financial records; institutional intellectual property for both research and education; and a host of internal ... of intel- lectual freedom. Intellectual freedom provides for free and open scholarly inquiry, freedom of information, and creative expression, including the right to express ideas and receive information...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:20