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U.S. Department of Education
Institute of Education Sciences
NCES 2004–014
Computer and Internet
Use byChildren and
Adolescents in 2001
Statistical Analysis Report
Matthew DeBell
Education Statistics
Services Institute/
American Institutes
for Research
Chris Chapman
National Center for
Education Statistics
U.S. Department of Education
Institute of Education Sciences
NCES 2004–014
Computer and Internet
Use byChildren and
Adolescents in 2001
Statistical Analysis Report
October 2003
U.S. Department of Education
Rod Paige
Secretary
Institute of Education Sciences
Grover J. Whitehurst
Director
National Center for Education Statistics
Val Plisko
Associate Commissioner
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and
reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate
to collect, collate, analyze, andreport full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United
States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics;
assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review andreport on
education activities in foreign countries.
NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete,
and accurate indicators of education status and trends; andreport timely, useful, and high quality data to the
U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users,
and the general public.
We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats andin language that is appropriate to a
variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information
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like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to:
National Center for Education Statistics
Institute of Education Sciences
U.S. Department of Education
1990 K Street NW
Washington, DC 20006–5651
October 2003
The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is: http://nces.ed.gov
The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch
Suggested Citation
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. ComputerandInternetUseby Children
and Adolescentsin 2001, NCES 2004–014, by Matthew DeBell and Chris Chapman. Washington, DC: 2003.
For ordering information on this report, write:
U.S. Department of Education
ED Pubs
P.O. Box 1398
Jessup, MD 20794–1398
Call toll free 1–877–4ED–Pubs; or order online at http://www.edpubs.org
Content Contact:
Chris Chapman
(202) 502–7414
Chris.Chapman@ed.gov
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank John Bailey of the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of
Educational Technology for helping to make this report possible. The authors would also like to thank
Alex Janus of the U.S. Census Bureau, Nolan Bowie of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at
Harvard University, and Valena Plisko, Marilyn Seastrom, Jerry West, Bill Hussar, Edith McArthur, and
Lee Hoffman of the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics, for their
detailed reviews and thoughtful comments. The authors would also like to thank staff from the Education
Statistics Services Institute (ESSI), including Sandy Eyster, who were instrumental in assuring the
technical quality of the report.
iii
Highlights
This report uses data from the September ComputerandInternetUse supplement to the
2001 Current Population Survey to examine the use of computers and the Internetby American
children andadolescents between the ages of 5 and 17.
1
The report examines the overall rate of
use, the ways in which childrenand teens use the technologies, where the use occurs (home,
school, and other locations), and the relationships of these aspects of computerandInternetuse
to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics such as children’s age and race/ethnicity and
their parents’ education and family income. All statistical comparisons in this report were tested
for significance at the 95 percent confidence level (p<.05), and all reported differences are
statistically significant, unless otherwise noted.
Key findings are as follows:
• Most childrenandadolescentsuse these technologies (table 1). About 90 percent
of childrenandadolescents ages 5–17 (47 million persons) use computers, and about
59 percent (31 million persons) use the Internet.
• Use begins at an early age (figure 1). About three-quarters of 5-year-olds use
computers, and over 90 percent of teens (ages 13–17) do so. About 25 percent of 5-
year-olds use the Internet, and this number rises to over 50 percent by age 9 and to at
least 75 percent by ages 15–17.
• There is a “digital divide” (table 1). ComputerandInternetuse are divided along
demographic and socioeconomic lines. Use of both technologies is higher among
Whites than among Blacks and Hispanics and higher among Asians and American
Indians than among Hispanics.
2
Five- through 17-year-olds living with more highly
educated parents are more likely to use these technologies than those living with less
1
Current Population Survey interviews were conducted in about 56,000 households in September 2001 and
collected information regarding 28,002 5- to 17-year-olds, including those enrolled in school and those not enrolled
in school. One respondent per household was interviewed and that respondent provided information about the
household and about individual household members, including information about computerandInternet use.
Because a household’s respondent may not have full information regarding computerandInternetuseby other
members of the household, this method is a potential source of error in the data.
2
“White,” “Black,” “Asian,” and “American Indian” refer to White non-Hispanic; Black non-Hispanic; Asian or
Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic; and American Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo, non-Hispanic, respectively, and will be used
throughout this report for ease of presentation. Hispanics may be of any race.
iv
well educated parents, and those living in households with higher family incomes are
more likely to use computers and the Internet than those living in lower income
households.
• Disability, urbanicity, and household type are factors in the digital divide.
Consistent with the findings of previous research (U.S. Department of Commerce
2002), 5- through 17-year-olds without a disability are more likely to use computers
and the Internet than their disabled peers, andchildrenandadolescents living outside
of central cities are more likely to use computers than those living in central cities.
When not controlling for other factors, childrenandadolescents from two-parent
households are more likely to use the computerand the Internet than those from
single-parent households,
3
andchildrenandadolescents living outside of central cities
are more likely to use the Internet than those living in central cities. However, when
controlling for other factors such as family income and parent education, the
association of household type and of Internetuse outside of central cities was not
statistically significant (table 2).
• There are no differences between the sexes in overall computer or Internetuse
rates. In contrast to the 1990s, when boys were more likely to use computers and the
Internet than girls were, overall computerandInternetuse rates for boys and girls are
now about the same.
• More childrenandadolescentsuse computers at school (81 percent) than at
home (65 percent) (table 3). The difference in school versus home computeruse is
larger for groups of 5- through 17-year-olds who are generally less likely to use
computers. Computeruse at school exceeds use at home by 30 percentage points or
more for Blacks and for Hispanics. Use at school also exceeds use at home by 30
percentage points or more for those whose parents did not complete high school, who
live with a single mother, who live in households where Spanish is the only language
spoken by household members age 15 or over, or who live in households where the
3
The categories for family structure include “male-headed single-householder” and “female-headed single-
householder.” “Single father” and “single mother” (or “single parent,” when referring to both) are used for ease of
presentation. Some single-householders include nonrelatives or relatives other than the father or mother such as a
grandfather or grandmother.
v
family income is under $20,000. However, home use is slightly more prevalent than
school use for two groups: (1) childrenandadolescents whose parents have at least
some graduate school education, and (2) childrenandadolescents who live in families
with incomes of $75,000 or more per year.
4
• Use of home computers for playing games and for work on school assignments
are common activities. A majority (59 percent) of 5- through 17-year-olds use home
computers to play games, and over 40 percent use computers to connect to the
Internet (46 percent) and to complete school assignments (44 percent) (table 4).
Middle-school-age and high-school-age youth (ages 11–17) use home computers to
complete school assignments (57–64 percent), to connect to the Internet (54-63
percent), and to play games (60-63 percent).
• Home is the most common location for Internet access, followed by school.
Although nearly all schools have Internet access, childrenandadolescents are more
likely to access the Internet from their homes (table 6). Of those childrenand
adolescents who use the Internet, 78 percent access it at home, compared to 68
percent who access it at school. Many of those who rely more on access at school
come from lower income families (less than $35,000 per year) or have parents who
have not earned at least a high school credential.
• Many disadvantaged childrenandadolescentsuse the Internet only at school.
Among the group of childrenandadolescents who access the Internet at only one
location, 52 percent of those from families in poverty and 59 percent of those whose
parents have not earned at least a high school credential do so at school. In
comparison, 26 percent of those from families not in poverty and 39 percent of those
with more highly educated parents do so only at school. This illustrates the role of
schools in bridging the digital divide (table 7).
• Considering all locations, use of the Internet for work on school assignments, e-
mail, and games are common activities. About 72 percent of Internet users ages 5–
17 (or 42 percent of all youth in this age range) use the Internet to complete school
4
The prevalence of the use of a technology is measured in this reportby the percentage of 5–17 year-olds using the
technology. This report does not examine other aspects of the frequency of use, such as the number of incidents of
use or the amount of time spent using technologies, because the CPS does not include these data.
vi
assignments, while 65 percent of users (38 percent of all persons 5–17) use the
Internet for e-mail or instant messaging and 62 percent of users (36 percent of all
persons 5–17) use it to play games (tables 8 and 9).
vii
Contents
Acknowledgements iii
Highlights iv
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Introduction 1
Current Useand User Characteristics 3
Home and School ComputerUse 11
Home Computer Activities 15
Internet Access Locations 22
Internet Activities 29
Conclusions 37
Methodological and Technical Notes 39
References 51
viii
List of Tables
Table 1. Percentage of childrenandadolescents age 5–17 who use computers and the
Internet, by child and family/household characteristics: 2001………………………… 4
Table 2. Logistic regression analyses of child and family/household characteristics and
computer andInternet use: 2001………………………………………………………… 9
Table 3. Percentage of childrenandadolescents age 5–17 using computers at home and at
school, by child and family/household characteristics: 2001……………………… … 12
Table 4. Percentage of persons age 5–17 using home computers for specific activities, by
child and family/household characteristics: 2001…………………………………….….16
Table 5. Percentage of home computer users age 5–17 who use home computers for
specific activities, by child and family/household characteristics: 2001……………… 19
Table 6. Percentage of Internet users age 5–17 who use the Internet at specific locations,
by child and family/household characteristics: 2001…………………………………….23
Table 7. Percentage of childrenandadolescents who use the Internet at only one location,
by child and family/household characteristics andby location of use: 2001……………26
Table 8. Percentage of persons age 5–17 using the Internet for specific activities, by
selected characteristics: 2001…………………………………………………….………30
Table 9. Percentage of Internet users age 5–17 using the Internet for specific activities, by
selected characteristics: 2001…………………………………………………………….33
Table A1. Percentage of childrenandadolescents age 5–17 who use computers and the
Internet, by age: 2001… …….……… … … … … ….…………………… ………53
Table A2. Percentage of adults who use computers and the Internet, by selected
characteristics: 2001……………………………………………………………….…… 54
Table A3. Characteristics of persons age 5–17: 2001……………………………………55
Table A4. Characteristics of persons age 5–17 using computers at home and at school:
2001………………………………………………………………………………………56
ix
[...]... attainment, and other factors? 3 How do childrenandadolescentsuse home computers and the Internet? 4 Where do childrenandadolescentsuse computers? Where do they use the Internet? How many users use the Internetin only one place, and what locations do these users favor? 5 Do the ways childrenandadolescentsuse computers and the Internet, and where they use them, vary bychildren s andadolescents ... interviewed and that respondent provided information both about the household and about individual household members, including information pertaining to their computerandInternet use. 1 Respondents provided information about the computerandInternetuse experiences of 28,002 5- to 17-year-olds The following questions are addressed using these data: 1 What percentage of childrenandadolescentsuse computers... using computers or the Internet, by age: 2001 5 Figure 2 Percentage of childrenandadolescents using computers at home and at school, by parent educational attainment: 2001 13 Figure 3 Percentage of childrenandadolescents using computers at home and at school, by family income: 2001 14 Figure 4 Percentage of childrenandadolescents using computers at home and at school, by. .. (data shown in appendix table A1) About three quarters of children already use computers by the age of five, and a majority use the Internetby the age of nine Among high-school-age youth (ages 15–17), more than 90 percent use computers and at least three quarters use the Internet 3 Table 1 Percentage of childrenandadolescents age 5–17 who use computers and the Internet, by child and family/household... of using computers and the Internet Black and Hispanic children are less likely to use computers and the Internet than White children, and Asian children are less likely to use computers than White childrenChildren living in central cities are less likely to use computers (but not less likely to use the Internet) than those living outside central cities Those with disabilities are less likely to use. .. the childrenandadolescentsuse computers and the Internet. 8 7 For example, after controlling for other factors such as household income, family structure is not significantly related to computerandInternetuse However, it is the case that fewer children from single-parent families use computers and the Internet 8 This report does not examine the frequency of use or the amount of time spent using computers... difference inchildren s andadolescentsusein households where Spanish is the only language spoken compared to other households For childrenandadolescents living in households that are Spanish-monolingual, the rate of computeruse is 20 percentage points lower than those in households where other languages (usually English) are spoken Internetuseby 5-through 17-year olds in Spanish-monolingual households... graduated from high school use computers and 32 percent of them use the Internet Approximately 96 percent of childrenandadolescents from households where at least one parent attended graduate school use computers and 74 percent of them use the Internet Eighty percent of poor 5- through 17-yearolds use computers compared to 93 percent of non-poor children, and the difference inInternetuse is even larger... computers and the Internet? 1 Because a household’s informant may not have full information regarding computerandInternetuseby other members of the household (especially when that use occurs at school), this method is a potential source of error in the data 1 2 Is usebychildrenandadolescents related to age, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as race/ethnicity, family income, parents’... 17, Internetuse has increased from about one third in 1997 to about two thirds in 2001 (U.S Department of Commerce 2002) Currently, the use of these technologies is more widespread among childrenandadolescents ages 5 through 17 than among adults: about 90 percent of 5- to 17-year-olds use computers and 59 percent use the Internet (table 1) This report describes computerandInternetusebychildren . members, including information about computer and Internet use.
Because a household’s respondent may not have full information regarding computer and Internet. Computer and Internet Use by Children
and Adolescents in 2001, NCES 2004–014, by Matthew DeBell and Chris Chapman. Washington, DC: 2003.
For ordering information