upgrading regionalism and high energy prices completing the picture
Báo cáo " On equations of motion, boundary conditions and conserved energy-momentum of the rigid string " doc
... coincidence of the following two mathematical obstacles: the presence of the high derivatives in the Lagrangian , and the fact that the field xµ (τ, σ) is defined on the finite strip σ π , and −∞ < ... integrations The Z-terms in formula (9) for δS can be regarded as a contribution from the corner points of the rectangle R For the closed string they cancel each other However, for the open string they ... , (16) and the following boundary conditions where and Cµ (τ, σ) = ∂l ∂xµ,11 (17) In the case of the closed string δµ (τ, σ) obey the conditions δµµ (τ, σ = 0) = δµ (τ, σ = σπ) Then, the variation...
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LOW INTEREST RATES AND HIGH ASSET PRICES: AN INTERPRETATION IN TERMS OF CHANGING POPULAR MODELS doc
... Stock prices, home prices, commercial real estate prices, land prices, even oil prices and other commodity prices, are said to be very high. 2 The two phenomena appear to be connected: if the long-term ... 0.309 and the ratio of the standard deviation of the theoretical dividend-price ratio and the actual dividend-price ratio was only 0.58 (The latter is a suggestion of excess volatility of stock prices, ... understanding of these high asset prices I have not offered a complete theory of the high asset prices Presumably, as I discussed in Irrational Exuberance, there are many factors, including among other...
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Impact of high oil prices on the economy potx
... almost two-thirds higher in 2011 than 2009 as a result of higher international oil prices & oil-indexed gas prices © OECD/IEA 2012 Fukushima adds to the economic impact of higher oil prices in Japan ... percentage points © OECD/IEA 2012 Europe: rising energy prices compound the pain of austerity Billion USD Cost of net imports of oil and gas in the European Union 700 3.3% 600 Debt of Greek government ... decades © OECD/IEA 2012 As China continues to grow, the impact of high energy prices is keenly felt Billion USD Cost of net imports of oil and gas in China 250 2.9% 200 China’s net import bills...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 1 doc
... were utilized [2], [3] As the bandwidth demand goes higher, the coupling loss affects the Photodiodes with High Speed and Enhanced Wide Spectral Range performance of the fiber-optic link more, ... which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source Statements and opinions ... per bit For the receivers, to reduce the capacitance charging delay, the PD aperture shrinks as the bandwidth rises Therefore, for high- speed operation, it would be more meaningful if the PD has...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 2 docx
... ) 2 (1) where H is the height of the lens-socket, is the diameter of the MBL, and D is the inner diameter of the socket The pattern on the chip surface, including a metal contact ... (SMF) across the center of the entire chip, we are able to evaluate the X (Y)-axis response (coupling) uniformity On the other hand, the axial scan (along the optical axis) provides the Z-axis ... PD, in which the triangles and the circles are the practical measured data of H = 110 m (triangles) and H = 50 m, respectively The difference between the solid line and dash line at the same condition...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 3 pptx
... between the two modules The difference in the results for the two modules was probably due to the difference in the coupling efficiency between the lens and the chip The output voltage of the customized ... important standard for evaluation of the transmission quality in the WiMAX Since the modulation of the WiMAX consists of QPSK, QAM, and OFDM, the RCE is sensitive to the change in the phase and the amplitude ... outside the magnetic shield The main 4-K stage was cooled with thermal conduction through a thermal link made of silver and the magnetic shield from the 2nd cold head of the cryocooler The vibration...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 4 doc
... minimize the influence of the PMD and the PML by optimizing the carrier frequency, the fiber length, the type of the fiber, and the type of the coupler The burst signal received power of the RoF ... [3] To extend the distance between the access points and the central office, the use of RoF is suitable for the WiMAX There have been several studies of the lower cost and the high performance ... approximately 2.5% and the rest is from dark counts generated by both the pump light and the classical channel We also calculated the theoretical sifted-key rate and QBER and they agree well with the measured...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 5 pot
... of the response about the dipole axis is expected In practice the presence of a substrate, the flat strip geometry of the dipole and the presence of the dielectric support structure break the ... with HFSS In this case, the magnitude of the difference between the horn’s S11 parameter, in the absence and the presence of the rotated probe, is plotted The experimental and simulated curves were ... the signal at odd time bins, resulting in the pattern “1001” and APD receives the signal at even time bins resulting in the pattern “0110”, and the original signal can be reconstructed from the...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 6 pptx
... Measurements and High- Energy Physics Photodioes 10 Sensitivity The sensitivity of the measurement system is not only dependent on the modulation index of the loaded probe but also on the sensitivity and ... test the AUT was a horn antenna and the array was scanned at a height of 30 mm (i.e., λ/4) above the aperture The ideal results, i.e., with no interaction between the probes with the AUT and the ... over the whole x interval In order to quantify the difference between the measurement results and the simulated distribution of the PIFA, the mean square error of the data was calculated The error...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 7 ppt
... for the rest of the optics were assumed In the prototype, the measurement of the noise at the output of the complete chain in the dark was 160 mV rms, close to the simulated dark noise in Fig The ... explains the overestimation of PM in the LIDAR data LIDAR measured the wet PM, which in this case was larger than the dry PM measured by the MP101M instrument On the other hand, in the case of high ... outputs: the first output drives the laser, while the second is the reference signal to the Lock-in The delay between the two outputs is adjusted in order to nullify the lag between the TTL modulation...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 8 pot
... that they may be AC coupled This removal of the DC component of the signal allows the entire dynamic range of the detector to be used on the signal itself, rather than on both the signal and the ... whereas band pass filters have number ± band) The calcium and voltage PDAs are shaded gray The large color-filled lines indicate the path of the given color of light The excitation source is the bottom ... Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High- Energy Physics Wavebreak and differences in Vm and Cai spatial fluorescence maps were consistently identified during periods of high E and high Ed The results are illustrated...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 9 ppt
... states of the semiconductor (the valence band) to a state where the electrons are mobile (the conduction band) The mobile electrons in the conduction band and the vacancies, or “holes,” in the valence ... through the sample compartment The polychromator disperses the narrow band of the spectrum onto the diode array The photodiode converts light into electrical signals and temporarily stores them These ... because they are arrays and they have very low dark currents PDA, on the other hand, is more suited for applications where the light level is relatively high Because in the PDA the photon saturation...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 10 potx
... housing, be reflected in the walls, avoid the filter and be trapped between the filter and the sensing substrate dice These photons may thus excite the dice and contribute to the total photodiode ... significant signal (a 20% of the maximal) The difference between the slow decay of ABC, A and E and the quick decay of B,C, and D is because the maximum of the spectral response of the later ones shows ... the inner part of the sensor housing and hit the dice with a new incidence angle (and here again it may be absorbed, or reflected) When these effects are present the response of the dice to the...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 11 docx
... rays hit the side walls They are then scattered and reflected and reach the dice avoiding the filter The signal increases then up to roughly 40º-45º Beyond this point there is a rapid decay and light ... expect channels C and D to be especially sensitive to the non-filtered contribution because their filters are centred on the ozone absorption band and therefore on Earth the signal in these channels ... partial view of the ground Fig 13 Evolution of the C fm photodiode measurement along the day, as the Sun traverses the sky crossing the normal to the sensor The platform was pointing to the maximal...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 12 potx
... produced in the gas by the X-rays, F is the Fano factor, w is the average energy to create a primary electron in the gas and E is the energy deposited by the VUV-radiation in the photosensor The statistical ... as the gain drops below that value and the signal approaches the noise level The obtained MDP can decrease if further efforts are made towards the reduction of the noise level achieved in the ... Measurements and High- Energy Physics photons detected by the APD Knowing the number of photons hitting the photodiode, the minimum number of photons above the noise that can be detected by the APD...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 13 doc
... approximately 250 m, and the filter is a thin platinum (Pt) sheet Table gives the properties of the fluorescer and filter The high energy X-ray lines are transmitted by the filter but the low energy lines ... into the wall of the lead box, and the beam path is illustrated by the pink triangles There is a filter wheel mounted downstream from the collimator, and it is also motorized The fluorescer and the ... electrons in the conduction band, and corresponding holes (positive charge where the electron vacated) in the valence band The ratio of electrons in the conduction band to those in the valence band is...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 14 docx
... centered on the CCD The camera is then moved aside on the rail and the CdTe detector is placed at the same distance from the source as was the CCD The beam center is then determined by moving the detector ... and vertically These are the measurements used in Eq 10 to determine the QE shown in Fig 15 and Fig 19 for the higher X-ray energies The observation then is that the QE at these energies is the ... all the observable particles in the jet is proposed The reconstructed jet energy is the sum of the energy of the individual particles The momentum of the charged particles is measured in the...
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Photodiodes Communications Bio Sensings Measurements and High Energy Part 15 potx
... LSO/SiPM and for the precise verification of the mathematical model 4.3.1 Energy resolution of the LSO/SiPM detection system The energy spectrum measured in the test setup is shown in Fig 17b The energy ... into account the photo-statistics of the generation and propagation of the optical photons in the crystal, the detection in the SiPM and the optical properties of the detection system The probability ... Photo-Detectors for High Energy Physics and Nuclear Medicine The New Photo-detectors for High Energy Physics and Nuclear Medicine 283 23 difference in quadrature from the other terms The dependence of the coincidence...
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PHOTODIODES – COMMUNICATIONS, BIO-SENSINGS, MEASUREMENTS AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS pptx
... between the two modules The difference in the results for the two modules was probably due to the difference in the coupling efficiency between the lens and the chip The output voltage of the customized ... Temperatures and Applications to Superconducting Electronics 31 of the customized modules On the other hand, misalignment did not occur for the standard one The cause of the misalignment was due to the ... (SMF) across the center of the entire chip, we are able to evaluate the X (Y)-axis response (coupling) uniformity On the other hand, the axial scan (along the optical axis) provides the Z-axis...
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