PHOTODIODES – COMMUNICATIONS, BIO-SENSINGS, MEASUREMENTS AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS pptx

PHOTODIODES – COMMUNICATIONS, BIO-SENSINGS, MEASUREMENTS AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS Edited by Jin-Wei Shi Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Edited by Jin-Wei Shi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Roman Dementyev, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics, Edited by Jin-Wei Shi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-277-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Photodiodes for High-Speed Data Communications 1 Chapter 1 Photodiodes with High Speed and Enhanced Wide Spectral Range 3 Meng-Chyi Wu and Chung-Hung Wu Chapter 2 Evaluation of Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiode Performance at Low Temperatures and Applications to Superconducting Electronics 27 Hideo Suzuki Chapter 3 The Optimum Link Design Using a Linear PIN-PD for WiMAX RoF Communication 47 Koyu Chinen Chapter 4 Single Photon Detection Using Frequency Up-Conversion with Pulse Pumping 61 Lijun Ma, Oliver Slattery and Xiao Tang Part 2 Photodiode for High-Speed Measurement Application 77 Chapter 5 Low Scattering Photodiode-Modulated Probe for Microwave Near-Field Imaging 79 Hamidreza Memarzadeh-Tehran, Jean-Jacques Laurin and Raman Kashyap Chapter 6 Single Shot Diagnostics of Quasi-Continuously Pumped Picosecond Lasers Using Fast Photodiode and Digital Oscilloscope 105 Michal Jelínek, Václav Kubeček and Miroslav Čech Chapter 7 A Photodiode-Based, Low-Cost Telemetric- Lidar for the Continuous Monitoring of Urban Particulate Matter 119 Massimo Del Guasta, Massimo Baldi and Francesco Castagnoli VI Contents Part 3 Photodiodes for Biomedical Application 135 Chapter 8 The Photodiode Array: A Critical Cornerstone in Cardiac Optical Mapping 137 Herman D. Himel IV, Joseph Savarese and Nabil El-Sherif Chapter 9 Photodiode Array Detection in Clinical Applications; Quantitative Analyte Assay Advantages, Limitations and Disadvantages 161 Zarrin Es’haghi Part 4 Photodiode for UV-Light Detection 183 Chapter 10 UV Photodiodes Response to Non-Normal, Non-Colimated and Diffusive Sources of Irradiance 185 María-Paz Zorzano, Javier Martín-Soler and Javier Gómez-Elvira Chapter 11 Detection of VUV Light with Avalanche Photodiodes 207 Cristina M. B. Monteiro, Luís M. P. Fernandes and Joaquim M. F. dos Santos Part 5 Photodiodes for High-Energy Photon/Particle Detection 227 Chapter 12 Quantitative Measurements of X-Ray Intensity 229 Michael J. Haugh and Marilyn Schneider Chapter 13 The New Photo-Detectors for High Energy Physics and Nuclear Medicine 261 Nicola D’Ascenzo and Valeri Saveliev Preface The photodiode device structure, which has developed almost simultaneously with Si based p-n junctions, has had a dramatic impact on everyday life, especially in the field of communication and sensing. The last few decades have seen optical techniques come to dominate long-haul communication and photodiode technologies, serving as an energy transducer in the receiver end, which can convert optical data into electrical signals for further processing. In addition to communication, photodiodes have also found some killer applications in advanced high-speed image systems and will eventually replace traditional slow charge-coupled devices (CCD). This book describes different kinds of photodiodes and several interesting applications, such as for high-speed data communication, biomedical sensing, high- speed measurement, UV-light detection, and high energy physics. The discussed photodiodes cover an extremely wide optical wavelength regime, ranging from infrared light to X-ray, making the suitable for these different applications. Compared with most other published studies about photodiodes, the topics discussed in this book are more diversified and very special. Take the category of high-speed data communication for example; which covers the applications of photodiodes under very-low temperature operations such as for the optical interconnects used in ultra- high speed superconducting electronic circuits. This topic has rarely been discussed in relation to the use of photodiodes for fiber communication. Furthermore, in this category, we also discuss a unique high-speed single photon detection technique based on the use of the low-noise Si-based APD and the photon up-conversion technique, which could be important for the development of the next-generation of quantum communication. Overall, the aim of such book is to provide the reader with information about novel, unique, and practical examples of different photodiodes for several diversified applications without going into detail on complex device physics and math. This should be a very useful “tool-book” for engineers, students, and researchers in different academic fields who want to understand the most advanced photodiode applications. Jin-Wei Shi Ph.D. Associate Professor, National Central University, Taiwan [...]... operating at –5 V achieves a 3-dB bandwidth of about 9.7 GHz, which is a combination result of carrier transit, RC discharge, and inductance of bonding wire The measured 3-dB bandwidth of packaged PD is enhanced due to inductance peaking Furthermore, to see the transmission characteristics, the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) 16 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Fig... Range 13 (a) Huang et al (b) Huang et al Fig 8 Eye diagrams of back-to-back test for a SMA packaged device operating at –5 V and 10.3 Gb/s with PRBS of 2 31-1 word length at (a) 1.3-m and (b) 0.85-m wavelengths 14 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Fig 9 Schematic drawing of device cross section Note the absence of the GaAs cap inside the aperture The dark... wavelengths are distinguishably open and free of intersymbol interference and noise These characteristics prove that the InGaAs p-i-n photodiode is well qualified for high-speed fiber communication 12 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Fig 7 Device characteristics in frequency response at the 1.3-m wavelength 5 10-GBPS InGaP-GaAs p-i-n photodiodes with wide spectral... Photodiodes with High Speed and Enhanced Wide Spectral Range 17 Fig 13 Device characteristics in frequency response at the 850 nm wavelength Fig 14 Eye diagrams of back-to-back test for a SMA packaged device operating at –5 V and 10.4 Gb/s with PRBS of 2 31-1 word length at 850 nm wavelength 18 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics 6 Alignment-tolerance... MBLintegrated PD (H = 50 m) across the X-Z plane The ray trace maps are derived from the positions (X and Z in m), (b) (0, 200), (c) (0, 800), (d) (0, 1900), and (e) (-80, 300) labeled on the responsivity surface 23 24 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Fig 19 Measurements of two-dimensional response uniformity of the  = 250-m ruby MBL-integrated PD across... 1020 cm-3 Photodiodes with High Speed and Enhanced Wide Spectral Range 7 Fig 2 Concentration profiles of spin-on Zn diffusion in undoped InP after 600ºC RTA for 25 sec in N2 ambient Fig 3 The diffusion depth measured by electrochemical C-V profiler The inset of Fig 3 shows the fabricated p-n junction structure 8 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics 3 Fabrication... Z-axis response (coupling) uniformity As a reference coordinate, X and Y are used to 20 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics represent the SMF’s output facet position with respect to the optical axis (X = Y = 0), and Z represents the distance between the SMF’s output facet and the nearest coupling plane along the optical axis The nearest coupling plane herein... satisfactory junction properties As a consequence, such devices 4 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics (a) (b) Fig 1 Two conventional PD structures usually suffer from an excessive leakage and a low breakdown voltage Besides, alloy spikes after contact annealing might electrically short the pn junction and cause device failure Edge-coupling configuration can also... Hamaguchi, O Aoki, and Y Oikawa, “Smalljunction-area GaInAs/InP pin photodiode with monolithic microlens,” Electron Lett., vol 24, no 2, pp 109-110, 1989 [6] S R Cho, J Kim, K S Oh, S K Yang, J M Baek, D H Jang, T I Kim, and H Jeon, “Enhanced optical coupling performance in an In-GaAs photodiode integrated 26 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics with wet-etched... system has poor selectivity, the etching time should be accurately controlled, otherwise the shallow p-n junction can be also removed and, as a consequence, no biasing field for generated carriers 10 Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics Third, for high efficiency in all the operating spectral range, device has an anti-reflection dielectric coating designed for . PHOTODIODES – COMMUNICATIONS, BIO-SENSINGS, MEASUREMENTS AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS Edited by Jin-Wei Shi Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements. orders@intechweb.org Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics, Edited by Jin-Wei Shi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-277-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals. Photodiodes – Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics 4 (a) (b) Fig. 1. Two conventional PD structures. usually suffer from an excessive leakage and