unfolding methods in high energy physics experiments

... advances in understanding the physics of high energy density plasmas through an integrated approach to investigating the scientific issues in related subfields. Understanding the physics of high energy density ... directorates in the Department of Energy, in supporting research of high intellectual value in high energy density physics. 1 Executive Summary BACKGROUND Recent advances in extending the energy, ... weapons research, university involvement in physics investigations of high energy density plasmas is growing. University involvement has increased as a result of several factors, including the increased openness...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20

... Car–Parrinello simulations, as explained in Section 2.4.4 due to (i) the smallness and bound- edness of this difference in conjunction with (ii) the intrinsic averaging ef- fect of small-amplitude high- frequency ... of norm-conserving pseudopotentials, including definitions of various widely used pseudopoten- tial types. In Part I, the norm-conserving pseudopotentials are explained, whereas in Part II, the ... This amounts, in other words, to imposing and maintaining a metastability condition in a complex dynamical system for sufficiently long times. How and to what extent this is possible in prac- tice...

Ngày tải lên: 22/04/2014, 22:36

... 2. Zinc diffusion in InP from spin-on glass Zn is one of the most typical p-type impurities in the InGaAs/InP system. Diffusion of Zn into semiconductor, such as n-type InP, InGaAs or InGaAsP, ... L2 LD1 LD2 LIN1 LIN2 R term R term bias bias DC dat _in clk _in out J1 J2 65m bias bias DC dat _in clk _in out J1 J2 65m bias bias clk _in out DC dat _in J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 L1 L2 LD1 LD2 LIN1 LIN2 R term R term biasbias ... bias DC dat _in clk _in out J1 J2 65m bias bias DC dat _in clk _in out J1 J2 65m bias bias clk _in out DC dat _in J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 L1 L2 LD1 LD2 LIN1 LIN2 R term R term biasbias clk _in out DC dat _in J1 J2...

Ngày tải lên: 26/06/2014, 23:20

... moles of the alloy. binding energy In crystal, the energy differ- ences between free atoms and the crystal com- posed by the atoms are called binding energy. If the binding energy is larger, the ... more stable. binding force The interaction between atoms, ions, or molecules in crystal. The kind of crystal depends on the kind of binding force in the crystal. For example, in molecular crystal, the binding ... en- ergy. In high energy experiments, typically a few MeV to TeV in energy with intensities as high as 10 33 /cm 2 /sec directed at targets of only afewmm 2 in area for the purposes of studying collisions...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... atoms in a crystal lattice. In gen- eral, defects are classified into twomaintypes in crystalline solids: point defects and interstitial defects. Point defects correspond to a missing atom at a single ... determined through the visibility V of inter- ference fringes with intensity maxima I max and minima I min as interference in a characteristic of coherence: V = I max I min I max + I min . â ... repumpinglasersmustbe superim- posed on the trapping lasers in order to prevent pumping of the atoms into states not accessi- ble to the trapping lasers. By reducing or com- pletely avoiding illumination...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... coefficients. In case a level can decay to several states, the Einstein A coefficient is given by the sum of the individual Einstein A coefficients A i of the decays to the individual levels. Einstein, Albert ... ig- norediftheincidentenergyissufficientlylow(s- waves). In this situation, information about the scattering potential is contained in the asymp- totic scattering wave function, which is basically an outgoing wave, ... be coherent, i.e., the incident and outgoing particle waves are identical except for a phase change, leading to a description of the scattering in terms of interfering waves. Scattering represented...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... internal energy ˙m(e out −e in ) and Q net in are combined as a loss term. Dividing by ˙m on both sides and rearranging the terms, one obtains P out ρ + v 2 out 2 +gz out = P in ρ + v 2 in 2 +gz in ... ·ndS ˙ Q net in + ˙ W net in . For one-dimensional, steady -in- the-mean flow conditions, one obtains ˙m  e out + p out ρ + v 2 out 2 + gz out −e in − p in ρ − v 2 in 2 − gz in  = ˙ Q net in + ˙ W net in . â ... usefulness in achieving the Bose– Einstein condensation in dilute gases. Evapora- tive cooling represents the last step in a sequence of several steps to achieve Bose–Einstein con- densation: starting...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

... the Lorentzian line width. gainfactor, photoconductivity The increase oftheelectricalconductivityduetoillumination. gain saturation Gain of a lasing medium decreases with an increase in photon flux in the ... medium, gain saturation causes spatial holeburning, and in aninhomogeneouslybroad- ened medium, gain saturation causes spectral hole burning. gain switching A technique used for gener- ating high ... interacts through the strong interaction. Hadrons have a complex in- ternal structure in terms of quarks. They can be divided into two groups: the baryons, which have half-integer spin (see intrinsic...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:22

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... corresponding to the closures listed in the previous sec- tions are by no means exhaustive. Higher-order closures exist which involve integrating the stress tensor and higher-order tensors in time ... corresponding to dx/dt = ± c. Information emanating from a point will in general travel along the two characteristics. These will divide space- time into two regions relative to that point, a timelike ... obtain −z sin φ + x cos φ = ± d dφ u j (φ)t. (1.94) Now, invert Eqs. (1.93) and (1.94) for (x, z) to obtain x = R 0 sin φ +  sin φu j + cos φ d dφ u j (φ)  t, z = R 0 cos φ +  cos φu j − sin...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:21

... potential scattering problem in quantum mechanics. In some cases, the resulting equations are nonlinear integro-differential equations. A good example is the Schwinger–Dyson equation in quantum field ... nonlinear integro-differential equation, and is exact and closed. It provides the starting point of Feynman–Dyson type perturbation theory in configuration space and in momentum space. In some singular ... the functionals involved are quadratic in the function, the integral equations are said to be linear integral equations, and if they are higher than quadratic in the function, the integral equations...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:28