total mass attenuation coefficients for low energy k lines

... for the secondaries range from to 1.2 rad and to 0.6 rad for the backscattered electrons (a) For a primary beam of keV and landing energy of keV (b) For a primary beam of 10 keV and landing energy ... E is the beam energy, η is the charge-to -mass ratio and φ is the total deflection angle 76 Table 2.16 Predicted chromatic aberration coefficients and probe radius Δr for different ... the beam energy, η is the charge-to -mass ratio and φ is the total deflection angle 77 Table 3.1 Geometric aberration coefficients 90 Table 3.2 Chromatic aberration coefficients...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 17:09

... to obtain energy spectral information [5] So far, little work has been done to adequately understand secondary image and spectrum formation in mixed field immersion lenses for low energy electron ... 4% for 50 eV, and around 10% for 20 and 10 eV 16 14 12 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Landing energy (eV) Spheric al Chromat ic Figure 3.2: Variation of on-axis aberration coefficients with landing energy ... spectral effects for the low- energy electrons (since spherical aberration effects for them are relatively small) Figure 3.7 shows how simulated exit angles from the objective lens for secondary...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2015, 16:03

... is low resistance and high speed switching due to thin silicon wafer with less than 150 μm for 1200 V The trench gate structure also contributes to low resistance and high switching speed For ... new low on-state voltage IGBT has been developed, as described in the next section • III D EVELOPMENT OF NEW LOW ON - STATE IGBT S IV A PPLYING LOW ON - STATE IGBT S TO MERS A new IGBT with low ... performance of induction motor using magnetic energy recovery switch,” PCC 2007, 2007 T Takaku, N Iwamuro, Y Uchida, and R Shimada, “Experimental demonstration of 1200V IGBT for a magnetic energy...

Ngày tải lên: 15/10/2013, 16:10

... constant constant constant constant constant constant for for for for for for forward reaction backward reaction forward reaction backward reaction forward reaction backward reaction 0.0500 0.1099 ... the stirrer speed for a fixed time of reaction plays a vital role for optimal completion of reaction Thus, the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production is initially mass transfer limited ... pseudo-homogeneous one with no mass transfer limitations [19] Nonetheless, an initial mass transfer controlled region followed by a kinetically controlled region is generally proposed for the mechanism of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 14:40

... thermal energy harvesting systems The main focus of this report is to develop energy efficient solar and thermal energy harvesters for low power wireless sensor applications In case of solar energy ... evaluation of the different types of energy scavenging system such as energy extraction from solar and thermal energy sources for wireless sensor nodes used for condition monitoring applications ... system for low power application is comparatively lower due to digital control system in power conversion unit The proposition in [6- 9] shows an analog circuit based power management circuit for...

Ngày tải lên: 13/10/2015, 15:55

... stock efficiency, travel, energy use and emissions Total travel activity, energy intensities, energy use and emissions are tracked Shipping  To date, MoMo tracks sectorial energy use and emissions ... Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2014 © OECD/IEA 2014 Energy consumption in transport Global transport energy consumption by mode Road transport accounts for ¾ of transport energy use Source: ... dependent on oil Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2014 © OECD/IEA 2014 Transport energy outlook to 2050 Transport energy forecasts by region Global transport energy use could increase as much...

Ngày tải lên: 27/11/2015, 12:39

... highly conformal doses and which has a corresponding need for highly precise and accurate knowledge of dose distribution Unfortunately, commissioning a Monte Carlo based radiotherapy tool for dosimetric ... commissioning NXEGS is a suite of Monte Carlo applications for radiotherapy, which are based on the EGS4 standard and which perform forward dose calculation for photons and electrons in a variety of treatment ... therefore, perhaps even more so than other Monte Carlo codes adapted for radiotherapy that make use of well-known algorithms and techniques, a careful and thorough testing before its adoption for...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 10:05

... information? To translate into Vietnamese - Feedback - Read the whole text - Group 1: read first lines and answer question - Group 2: read 2next lines and answer question - Group 3: read next lines ... exact information Language: Listen to a short talk about a picnic Some words: glorious, destination, spacious, left-over, Botanical Garden Skills: Listening for main ideas and listening for specific ... read a letter from Lan to her friend, Minh She tells Minh about the plan for her class trip Read the letter and the tasks followed WHILE YOU READ * Task 1:Multiple choice ( 10 ) - Asks Ss to read...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2013, 01:26

... of energy supply for their operations in the following years [23] Therefore, the requirements of building energy standards for building energy conservation are considered to be issued in the form ... building energy policy, government interest in energy conservation and inadequate information about the usefulness of building energy standards for building energy efficient design, building energy ... application of building energy standard [21] North America has good energy standard performance [13] as indicated by Mexico energy standard performance with mandatory energy standard in Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... alternatives for renewable energy projects have the following net cash flow per period, as shown in Table Table Example of net cash flow for economic performance in energy projects (NPV method) Cash Flows ... Government for the renewable energy sector This incentive is offered in the form of tax credits for producing energy for a certain period of operation of the central production of energy The ... projects [6] A plant for producing electricity from wind energy uses the principle of conversion of kinetic energy1 contained in flowing air masses (wind) into electrical energy [7] The wind turbine...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:30

... performance of their institutions and policies and determine thresholds for selected debt indicators for each country grouping and then estimate the level of debt distress as measured by the forecast ... thresholds for the relevant country grouping leading to an assessment of grant eligibility The World Bank will allocate funds for low- income countries taking into account both “need” and “performance.” ... to be low risk will receive the entire IDA allocation as credits The World Bank has proposed a combination of mechanisms for financing the grant allocations - replacing foregone credit reflows...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... introduced grant financing for the first time in IDA’s 40-year history The Agreement recognized that unsustainable levels of debt should be a criterion for eligibility of grants for low- income borrowers, ... for this reason This will be followed by a description of the DSF, the PBA system for IDA allocations (including the CPIA on which it is based) and the grant component, and the implications for ... entitled “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Proposal for an Operational The authors wish to thank Dr Roy Culpeper, President, The North-South Institute, Ottawa for his assistance Framework...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... ascending order The CPIA for each country as described below will be the average ranking of all the indicators in the index marked from a low of to a high of Accordingly, the CPIA for the 25th percentile ... in Low Income Countries” by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, World Bank and IMF, February 2004 exceed the threshold in the next year and will continue to so for at least three years The table below ... 3.6 for the 75th percentile Thus poor performers from the point of view of institutional strength and quality of policies are those with a CPIA of less than 2.9, those judged to be medium performers...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... targets World Bank staff uses a formula to divide up the funds available for low- income countries that includes “need” (income per capita) and “performance.” For the fiscal years 2003 to 2005, ... five times higher for the governments in the top-performing quintile than for those in the poorest-performing quintile The CPIA rates countries primarily on the basis of current performance in relation ... institutional reform and whether these in fact can promote economic growth As stated, the World Bank allocates funds for low- income countries taking into account both “need” and “performance.” The...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... uncertainty of the financing arrangements for the allocation of grants that is proposed for IDA 14, the best that can be hoped for if upfront donor contributions (for foregone service charges and commitment ... fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and blend countries The ... point for the allocation of grants is the system in place for allocating IDA funds based on the PBA system that was described in the previous section This ensures the link with policy performance...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... uncertainty of the financing arrangements for the allocation of grants that is proposed for IDA 14, the best that can be hoped for if upfront donor contributions (for foregone service charges and commitment ... fees) materialize and upfront charges for grants are levied (to replace foregone principal reflows) it would reduce the need to harden the credit terms for both IDA only and blend countries The ... point for the allocation of grants is the system in place for allocating IDA funds based on the PBA system that was described in the previous section This ensures the link with policy performance...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... case for most low income countries - should estimate the ratios of their international reserves to imports of goods and services and monitor the reserve level when this ratio declines below the ... that could affect the level of the indicator before action is taken on new borrowings It is also necessary to identify stock and flow problems in formulating an appropriate borrowing strategy ... debt stock problem need to be implemented calling for higher volumes of concessional lending and grants Given the importance of DSAs for each low income country in the application of the DSF and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and effectiveness of policies followed by choices of the most appropriate thresholds for the selected ... This increases the operational difficulties for IDA financing due to foregone credit reflows assuming higher levels of grants The projected requirements for IDA 14 during FY 06-08 are estimated ... Requirements from IDA for Poor Countries during IDA 14, IDA, June 2004 funding needed for IDA 14 is as important as the proposal for grant funding based on the DSF 61 The following conclusions...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... preceding year is paid without roll over d) Total Debt Service Ratio is the proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and ... short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports ... repayments to disbursements It could be estimated separately for short-term and longterm debt b) The ratio of short-term debt to total debt outstanding measures the vulnerability of a country’s...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Performance Ratings for 2003 For each policy cluster in the CPIA, the Bank applies numerical performance ratings from (low) to (high) and these are converted to five “letter” grades The reason for ... The following tables present the World Bank’s aggregated performance ratings of low- income borrowing countries relative to one another As stated, to produce each country’s overall performance ... share of directed credit in relation to total credit Credit flows to the private sector exceed credit flows to the government • Competitive environment for the private sector This item assesses...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15