time domain optical spectrum analyzer

... [9,10] In this demonstration, we propose and demonstrate a RI measurement method using an optical time- domain reflectometer (OTDR)-based fiber sensor The proposed measuring scheme can detect the ... to measure the properties of an optical fiber An optical pulse is first generated in the OTDR and is coupled into the fiber Then the backscattered and reflected optical power is received by a ... the RI of liquid organic chemicals For general use in optical communication network, an optical pulse from the OTDR is launched into the optical fiber By measuring the backscattered light (BSL),...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

... and time for each time step until the steady state is reached In the case of a sinusoidal source as used in this work, the steady state is reached when all scattered fields vary sinusoidally in time ... PA) is used for the simulation The time step is 9:63 Â 10À18 s, which is determined according to the stability criteria of the FDTD algorithm The total number of time step is 5000 to sufficiently ... than 1,  is conductivity, and  is the relaxation time A trial and error method is used to fit these parameters to the experimental values of optical properties, i.e., the complex refractive index...

Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 08:53

... and time for each time step until the steady state is reached In the case of a sinusoidal source as used in this work, the steady state is reached when all scattered fields vary sinusoidally in time ... PA) is used for the simulation The time step is 9:63 Â 10À18 s, which is determined according to the stability criteria of the FDTD algorithm The total number of time step is 5000 to sufficiently ... than 1,  is conductivity, and  is the relaxation time A trial and error method is used to fit these parameters to the experimental values of optical properties, i.e., the complex refractive index...

Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 08:55

... Finite-Difference Time- Domain Method 1.2.1 The FDTD Algorithm The finite-difference time- domain (FDTD) method belongs to the general class of grid-based differential time- domain numerical methods The time- dependent ... Finite-Difference Time- Domain Method 17 all times, which is usually prohibitive Alternatively, if the Fourier’s integral is done by adding the contributions for each time slice” as time evolves, ... marching-in -time process, i.e., the electric field at time t depends on the electric field at t −δt and the magnetic field (via the curl) at t −δt/2 (δt is the time step) Once the electric field at time...

Ngày tải lên: 29/05/2014, 18:40

... reconstruction 44 Optical instrument types 48 Comparison between optical techniques 59 CHAPTER DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NOVEL FAST TIME- DOMAIN DIFFUSE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY ... 3-11 Continuous-wave technique 49  Fig 3-12 Frequency -domain (frequency-modulate) techniques 51  Fig 3-13 Time- domain diffuse optical technique 55  IX    Fig 3-14 TPSF acquisition ... ultrasound After that, optical imaging/spectroscopy theories are reviewed in-deep, including three most popular DOT/DOS techniques: continuous-wave (CW), frequency -domain (FD) and time- domain technique...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 11:35

... the time domain So it is the z-transform method that is the more powerful method for time- domain analysis To illustrate this method, let us transform the two equations above in the time domain ... discrete -time systems Then, in the remainder of this chapter, we will discuss several ways of analyzing the discrete -time systems in the time domain, and in Chapter we will discuss frequency -domain ... frequency response and time- domain response are used in the analysis of discrete -time systems and signal processing Our derivation of the z transform starts with a continuous -time signal that is...

Ngày tải lên: 29/09/2013, 21:20

... 2p± 2p0 48.27 50.45 47.36 44.65 42.26 22.50 20.09 1s(A1) Optical Optical Optical Optical Optical 1s(A1) 53.76 -60 Rydberg series and optical transitions from the lowest energy states of the hydrogen-like ... units) 200 Absorbance (arb units) Fig 1s(T2) Forbidden 42.28 40.12 43.40 Optical Optical Optical Optical 11.70 13.01 Optical Forbidden 45.59 1s(E) 32.67 1s(T2) 33.89 -50 31.26 1s(E) 32.58 -40 ... leads to decay time scales 10 –100 times faster than what is usual in atoms Our timedomain data show directly that population decay effects are the dominant contribution to frequency -domain linewidths...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:30

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 13:45

... signal channels Investigation of Time- Domain Features Eleven frequently suggested time- domain features with high computational efficiency [10,12,15,26-28] for realtime EMG pattern recognition were ... limitations in this study First, we limited our study to time- domain features The implementa- Page 11 of 13 tion of frequency and time- frequency domain features with other types of classifiers is worth ... taking the Fourier transform of the decibel spectrum as if it were a signal This measure provides information about the rate of change in different frequency spectrum bands of a signal Cepstrum coefficients...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... fractional interval, that controls the time difference between the desired time instant for the interpolated output sample and the previous time instant where the discrete -time input sample exists EURASIP ... where γ ∈ {2, 3}), a fractional time- domain interpolation, and a user-specific frequency shift The matrix multiplication z = Qx can be considered as the frequency -domain interpolation by the γ-factor ... frequency domain Then, the resulting vector is multiplied element-wise by a length-K1 vector Φi , which can be obtained by the FFT of ri , and the result is transformed back to the time domain The...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... Percussion wave E K h1 t1 S h2 h3 Tidal wave Dicrotic wave F L h5 h4 t2 250 t3 500 Time (ms) 750 G 1000 Figure 1: Time- domain parameters of pulse signal This pulse signal sample is a triple-humped ... constituent of pulse signal, obtained through a pressure sensor, and the physiological significance of time- domain parameters are described in Section The methodology of pulse parameter extraction is detailed ... Section The numerical experiments are reported in Section 4, followed by the conclusion in Section TIME- DOMAIN CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS Figure presents a period of a pulse waveform of a healthy volunteer,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... diagram, “reg” means regular timedomain BSS algorithm; “par56” means MMax partial update time domain BSS algorithm with M = 56; “par48” means MMax partial update time- domain BSS algorithm with M ... reduced complexity approaches in time- domain BSS to address complexity and low convergence problems First, we propose MMax natural gradient-based partial update time- domain convolutive BSS algorithm ... echo cancellation We propose the MMax partial update time- domain convolutive BSS algorithm in Section and the exclusive maximum update time- domain convolutive BSS algorithm in Section The tools...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... possibilities RUN LENGTH HISTOGRAMS FOR BOC(kn/2, n) The time- domain fingerprint for BOC signals we introduce in this paper is based on the time elapses between consecutive phase jumps in a BOC signal ... Code: [−1, 1, 1, −1, 1, 1] N((n − 1)Ts /n) ∼ −1 N(2Ts ) ∼ N(2Ts ) ∼ Time Figure 2: Components of a BOC(5, 3) signal in the time- domain The vertical solid indicators displayed over the code correspond ... that our method can be adapted more or less straightforwardly for time- multiplexed BOC (TMBOC) signals, since this is a time- domain arrangement of different BOC signals, as treated in this paper...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 20:20

... applied in the context of space -time block coding (STBC) either in the time domain for the estimation of channel impulse response (CIR) [12, 13] or in the frequency domain for the estimation of ... However channel estimation in the time domain turns out to be more efficient since the number of unknown parameters is greatly decreased compared to that in the frequency domain Focusing on transmit ... diversity OFDM transmissions through frequency-selective fading channels, this paper pursues a time- domain MMSE channel estimation approach for both SF-OFDM and STOFDM systems We derive a low complexity...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... − − n) , n=0 (30) where S = {1, , Δ, Δ + ν + 2, , N } and s(n) is the timedomain equivalent of the frequency -domain weighting function Sx,i and is defined as s(n) = N −1 Sx,i e j(2π/N)in ... application of DC methods to the min-ISI objective function requires first the calculation of the time- domain weighting function s(n), which can be performed with an N-point inverse FFT This calculation ... optimizing the bitrate, one can sometimes expect the bitrate to increase while the delay spread decreases Another observation from Figure is that most of the time, the DC-eigenvector method outperforms...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... Broadband DOA estimation using CMRBs (a) Frequency -domain processing structure (b) Time- domain processing structure 4.2 Time- domain processing The time- domain processing structure for DOA estimation ... presented in Section In Section 3, the frequency -domain and timedomain CMRBs are designed using SOCP approach In Section 4, the frequency -domain and time- domain processing methods for beamspace DOA ... Frequency -domain processing The frequency -domain processing structure for DOA estimation is shown in Figure 2(a) Assume we apply CMRBs to the received array data in frequency domain The K-dimensional time...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... the neutron scattering, time domain reflectometry and capacitance methods, IAEA-TECDOC-1137, Vienna 2000, 165 p [9] Jacobsen O.H., Schjonning P., Field evaluation of time domain reflectometry for ... connected to a measuring unit each time measurements are made; alternatively, soil sensors are placed using an access tube (previously installed in the ground) each time measurements are to be made ... used non-destructive indirect methods are [34] the neutron-probe technique, dielectric methods (timedomain reflectometry and capacitance techniques), electricalresistance methods, thermal conductivity...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... Findings on time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) indicate that the pathology is located in the outer retina [3] We present findings of infrared (IR) imaging and spectral -domain OCT (SD-OCT; ... ravi.keshavamurthy@jax.ufl.edu; KVC - kakarla.chalam@jax.ufl.edu Abstract Introduction: Spectral -domain optical coherence tomography findings in a patient with acute macular neuroretinopathy, and ... changes in the papillomacular bundle Our patient underwent further evaluation with spectral -domain optical coherence tomography, infrared and fundus autofluorescence imaging Functional changes...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 22:20

... mean service time and throughxv put for reliable batch transmission The batch service time distribution closely matches the exponential distribution Queuing analysis of the waiting time shows that ... sb Mean batch service time 53 sCT S Time till successful reception of CTS from state to state 62 sp Mean packet service time ... 34 t Time window 29 tA Timer to wait for CTS or ACK 51 tB Time for batch transmission...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 08:39

... spread spectrum time- resolved method TAC time- to-amplitude converter TCSPC time- correlated single photon counting TD time- domain TPSF temporal point spread function TR time- resolved TTS transit time ... Spread spectrum time- resolved optical measurement method To achieve a higher measurement speed, the spread spectrum time- resolved optical measurement method that borrows ideas from spread spectrum ... chemical compounds that occur on time scales as short as 10-14 seconds Time- resolved optical spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and time- resolved optical mammography are among...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 15:49