the transport systems of the blood brain barrier

... entry into the brain because of blood- brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters so that the brain serves as a reservoir for HIV-1 [2] and a source for viral escape [3] Therefore, HIV-1 in the brain ... cytokines, in turn, act at the luminal surface of the BMEC to enhance the transcellular transport of HIV-1 independently of actions on paracellular permeability Keywords: Blood- brain barrier; Human immunodeficiency ... transcellular transport of HIV-1 across the blood- brain barrier (BBB) through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... Under physiological conditions, the BBB maintains the cerebral micro-environment by tightly regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the brain to protect the brain from microorganisms and ... J: The influence of cytokines on the integrity of the blood- brain barrier in vitro J Neuroimmunol 1996, 64:37-43 55 Papadopoulos MC, Davies DC, Moss RF, Tighe D, Bennett ED: Pathophysiology of ... (1 μg) of mRNA The cycle threshold (CT) was set above the baseline fluorescence Plotting the log of the dilutions versus the CT values then generated a standard curve Quantitation of samples was...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 15:21

... although 12% of all drugs are active in the CNS, only 8% of them are active in the brain for the treatment of diseases or disorders (Lipinski, 2000) The BBB lies between the blood flow and the brain ... in the central nervous system (CNS) is to overcome the barrier preventing the drugs moving from blood circulation into the brain parenchyma The limited penetration of drugs through the blood brain ... parenchyma The blood brain barrier (BBB) lies between the blood flow and the brain parenchyma The BBB prohibits most foreign molecules entering from the blood to brain, including CNS drugs The limited...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:10

... History and Anatomy of the Blood Brain Barrier 1.1.2 Functions of the Blood Brain Barrier 1.1.3 Clinical Significance of the Blood Brain Barrier 1.2 METHODS TO OVERCOME THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER 1.3 NANOPARTICLES ... the presence of glutathione, likely via cotransport, is required [13] 1.1.2 Functions of the Blood Brain Barrier The main function of the blood brain barrier is to protect the brain The BBB serves ... presence of an intact blood brain barrier at the proliferating edge of the tumor has been suggested to be one of the major contributing factors to the failure of chemotherapy in the treatment of central...

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 22:48

... junctions of the blood- brain barrier Cell Mol Neurobiol 20, 57–74 68 Brightman, M W., and Tao-Cheng, J H (1993) Tight junctions of brain endothelium and epithelium In The Blood- Brain Barrier Cellular ... through the diaphragm and the costal cartilages left of the sternum up to the level of the clavicle A transverse cut is made in the diaphragm The heart is then grasped using the index and thumb of the ... The large apparent work capability of the blood- brain barrier: A study of mitochondrial content of capillary endothelial cells in brain and other tissues of the rat Ann Neurol 1, 409–417 175 Claudio,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/04/2014, 10:34

... the blood- brain barrier Journal of Controlled Release 2005, 108:84-96 Poduslo JF, Curran GL: Polyamine modification increases the permeability of proteins at the blood- nerve and blood- brain barriers ... other charged nanoparticles [66-69] across the barrier may be from direct charge induced damage to endothelial cells of the barrier and disruption of the barrier Our proposed mechanism for the ... of the bloodbrain tumor barrier; in addition, we validated the importance of prolonged nanoparticle blood half-life for the effective accumulation of nanoparticles within brain tumor cells Therefore,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... compared the permeability of the BTB of RG-2 gliomas grown within the brain, the orthotopic site, to that of the BTB of RG-2 gliomas grown outside the brain in the temporalis skeletal muscle, the ... characterize the differences in the permeability of the BTB of a malignant brain tumor to that of the BTB of a peripheral solid tumor, and to define the upper limit of pore size within the BTB of the ... ectopic site, the permeability of the BTB of the breast cancer tumor growing in the brain is lower than the BTB of the original tumor in breast tissue, the orthotopic site[5] The brain tissue...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... whether the effect of AEA on the adhesion of leukocytes interferes on leukocyte transmigration through the BBB model As expected TMEV-infection of brain endothelial cells increased the number of ... phenol-red-free DMEM the top and the bottom of the filter, 400 μl of 10% FBS/phenolred-free DMEM and 200 μl of 0.45% albumin conjugated to Evan’s blue dye were added to the bottom and the top of the well, ... immunohistochemistry, in the brains of sham animals in both type of mice, Cnr1+/+ or Cnr1-/- The intracranial injection of TMEV induced the expression of VCAM-1 in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex surrounding blood...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... intra-abdominal sepsis, the cultures of brain specimens taken after the experiment were all sterile (data not shown) One of the major pitfalls in the interpretation of the data was the difficulty of establishing ... reaches the brain site it interacts with the endothelial cells forming the BBB and inhibits their activation [4,24,25] To our knowledge, the present data are the first to show the positive effects of ... of the BBB and the role of a permeability defect in the formation of cerebral edema using other models of cerebral damage [18-20] In our previous experimental study we evaluated the effects of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... Erickson, M A.: The blood- brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction Neurobiol.Dis 2010, 37:26-32 44 Quan, N.: Immune-to -brain signaling: how important are the blood- brain barrierindependent ... VEGF), some of which increase the expression of vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs) and permit exit of circulating lymphocytes in the brain Focal brain inflammation could then contribute ... mast cells to release mediators that could disrupt the gutblood barrier and blood- brain barrier (BBB), thus contributing to the pathogenesis of autism [27] Many mediators, such as IL-6 [28], can...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... dụ: nhồi máu não, xuất huyết não chấn thương sọ não ), có chứng tượng mở hàng rào máu não (Brain- Blood Barrier opening) bù trừ có tính chọn lọc phá hủy mặt cấu trúc giải phẫu cách đơn (Lee et ... trúc phức tạp tinh vi, chúng nối vùng đỉnh khe liên tế bào biểu mô với hàng rào nội mô (endothelial barrier) Chúng có chức “dây kéo” (zipper) nhằm liên kết màng tế bào vùng đỉnh (apical membrane) ... nhân, đa nhân, lympho 5.2.Các bệnh thần kinh tác động lên hàng rào máu não 5.2.1.Phù não (Brain edema) Theo Klatzo, phù não phân thành hai loại khác khác dựa vào đặc điểm hình thái chúng 34 -...

Ngày tải lên: 19/07/2014, 20:48

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... operation, part of which derives from the hot combustion gas in cylinders and the rest of which results from the friction of moving parts If the above heat should not be carried away in time, the temperature ... cylinder liner since the lubrication is fulfilled under the condition of the high temperature of combustion gas; turbine oil with low viscosity to be employed for the lubrication of turbocharger owing ... fact, the lube oil system for a diesel power plant can be subdivided into two components, the inner system and the exterior one The lube oil for the inner system is to be provided together with...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 15:15

... evaluating the effect of failures in auxiliary electrical spstem on the reliability of a generating unit We would like t o note that the performance of auxiliary electrical system (and of other systems) ... t o the other material presentedin the paper, we offer the following comments and questions The cost of unreliability is mentioned in the paper but no cost estimateshavebeenassociatedwiththecalculatedreliabilityindices ... units in the station Some of the buses can be supplied from the station common bus or thebuses of other units For this reason, the whole auxiliary electrical system of the stationwill have to be...

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2014, 19:39

... of the blood 23 Coagulability of the blood 24 Separation of the serum 24 Resistance of the red corpuscles 25 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD 27 A METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 29 [alpha] Preparation of ... for besides the estimation of the specific gravity of the total blood, they have carried out that of one at least of its constituents, either of the corpuscles or of the serum The red blood corpuscles ... increase of the lymphocytes of the blood; Frọnkel like Uskoff regards it as the emigration of the young forms of the white blood corpuscles into the blood He concludes logically from the diminution of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... detected, another hull trace determines the available vertical space above the bot Goal: Deliver Robust Behavior Performances  Find Ledge • The vertical space is then scanned via a series of hull ... find the first unobstructed hull trace Goal: Deliver Robust Behavior Performances  Find Ledge Height • Another hull trace downward from the unobstructed trace finds the precise height of the ... series of downward hull traces that step backwards determine the forward edge of the ledge Goal: Deliver Robust Behavior Performances  Perform Climb • Pick closest match animation from dozens of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 17:20

... development of the provide meaningful support for the operations development of the operations There is little evidence of the system’s impact on the development of the operations The HEI has ... for the development of the operations The quality system covers all of the basic duties of the HEI and provides excellent support for the institution’s overall strategy and the development of the ... with the procedure used for the institution’s initial audit One of the members of the initial audit team is appointed as the chair of the re-audit team The team’s composition depends on the areas...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 23:20

... transporter to the internal membrane side is the rate-limiting step and not – as proposed for most of the other electrogenic symporters – the return of the unloaded transporter to the outside of the membrane ... interpreted as the first evidence for a restricted velocity in the translocation step of the loaded transporter by the sterical conformation of the substrate The introduction of polar side groups in the ... values of 65 ± 3, 94 ± 3, 30 ± and 37.2 ± 1% of the Imax currents induced by glycine in the same oocytes (Table 1) This can only be taken as an indicator that the transloaction of the loaded transporter...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... contribute to the enrichment of arachidonate in PtdIns in mammals Further experiments are needed to clarify the involvement of the PtdIns cycle in the accumulation of arachidonic acid in PtdIns of fish ... similar to that obtained in the absence of docosahexaenoic acid (1 : 0.6) Because of the difference in the phospholipid acylation systems of rat and yellowtail in the preference for docosahexaenoic ... agreement with the distribution patterns of arachidonic acid between PtdCho and PtdIns observed in the fatty acid analysis of tissues of yellowtail Furthermore, they indicate that the one-sided...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... 77 FIVE The Mommy Brain 95 SIX Emotion: The Feeling Brain 117 SEVEN The Mature Female Brain 135 EPILOGUE The Future of the Female Brain 159 vii C o n t e n ts APPENDIX ONE: The Female Brain and ... displays of status They often express agreement with a partner’s suggestions And when they have ideas of their own, they’ll put them in the form of questions, such as “I’ll be the teacher, okay?” Their ... created The boys pushed the girls around, refused to take turns, and would ignore a girl’s request to stop or give the toy back By the end of the morning, Leila had retreated to the other end of the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 23:20