the oxford dictionary of difficult words

... P. A. JUDD THE OXFORD BOOK OF 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence ... medica: the basis of the vast majority of the drugs and medi- cines that they would one day prescribe to their patients. Lowson’s Textbook of botany was the bible that linked their profession with the ... selection of the so-called health foods now available to the public. The link is not only in the text but in the superb illustrations, some of which take you back to the great herbal texts of the past,

Ngày tải lên: 04/09/2013, 17:51

... other models, a portion of the data is often held out and used to select some of the overall parameters of the model, such as the number of layers in an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the ... dichotomies of the sample In other words, for a sample of size d, there are 2^d possible subsets of that sample If every subset can be made positive for some example of the concept, then the concept ... computed as the ratio of the number of cases in the upper approximation to the total number of cases in the database See Also: lower approximation, plausibility, Rough Set Theory Upper Envelope The upper

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 02:20

... 726–52 head of, 730–31, 738, 745n1 syntactic relation of governance among elements of, 730–33 themes for next decade regarding, 744–45 variation of, 729–33 Relational grams boundedness of, 730, ... and, as extended version of prototype theory, 147–49 of related words or constructions, 221–22 schematicity and, 82, 85, 90, 99 spatial, 326, 340–42 structured nature of, 1161, 1166–68, 1169f ... NLT. See Neural Theory of Language Nominal classification, 676–96. See also Classifier(s) categorization, CL and, 690–92 central problems of, 686–90 systems of, 678–86 systems of, from world to

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... 1987) is professor of psychology, and former head of the School of Psychology, at the University of Nottingham, England. He is director of the Action Analysis Group, and codirector of the Accident ... directed the 1995 Linguistic Institute. She was the chair of the Department of Linguistics at the University of New Mexico from 1999 to 2002 and was president of the Linguistic Society of America ... Linguistics dates from the 1980s, when his PhD was one of the first in Europe to explore the possibilities of a prototype-theoretical model of categorization. As the founding editor of the journal Cognitive

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... He is senior editor of Prag- matic, the journal of the International Pragmatics Association, and was one of the founding members of the European Society for Oceanists and of the Gesellschaft fu ... include Death Is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, Criticism (1987); Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science (1991); The Literary Mind: The Origins of Thought and ... 2003). He is a member of the editorial board of Cognitive Linguistics and is on the advisory/referee board of several other journals. He is also a member of the editorial board of Benjamins’s Cognitive

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... of such structures, and the relevant kind of knowledge is knowledge of the world. For the generative grammarian, however, the knowledge under consideration is knowledge of the language, and the ... characteristic merely states that the basic function of language involves meaning; the other two characteristics specify the nature of the semantic phenomena in question. The primacy of semantics in linguistic ... for the further development of the framework? 2. The Theoretical Position of Cognitive Linguistics Because Cognitive Linguistics sees language as embedded in the overall cognitive capacities of

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... think of the projec- tions and theta-roles of Generative Grammar, of the central role of the lexicon in Lexical-Functional Grammar, and of the lexically driven grammar developed in the framework of ... through the meaning of linguistic expressions, it is unlikely that the universal aspects of lan- guage will be found in the realm of meaning. Further, if the lexicon is the main repository of linguistically ... stimulus-response theory—so the argument goes—an innate knowledge of language has to be assumed. But if one of the major features of language is its genetic nature, then of course the social aspects of language

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... In other words, they claim that each and every mapping between the elements of the source and the elements of the target is unidirectional; the logic of the image schema is projected from the ... Linguistics. I then retrace some of the history of the embodiment hypothesis and show how its scope expanded to en- compass topics as diverse as the grounding of meaning, the motivating factors of semantic ... question as to whether the embodiment hypothesis is an empirical scientific hypothesis, a general theoretical orientation, a metaphysics, or some combination of all of these. However, the evidence

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... perception is at the core of the present formulation of the embodiment hypothesis. The analogy between the form of the argument for the embodiment hypothesis and the form of the foregoing argument ... on the first part of the word and trailing off towards the end of the word. Alternatively, the parent could si- lently stroke the baby’s back or head with a stroke analogous to the ‘‘There, there’’ ... in the ‘‘meta- phorical definition’’ of more complex concepts. In short, they argued that these three natural kinds of experience—experience of the body, of the physical envi- ronment, and of the

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... schematization of the levels of investigation in cognitive science. The most basic organizing criterion of this theoretical framework is the scale of the relative physical sizes of the phenomena ... might then expand the scope of the inquiry from the bodily and performative level of the framework to embodiment and experientialism 43 the communicative and cultural level: Was the humoral theory ... is not simply a matter of ‘‘either-or,’’ with one position being correct to the exclusion of the other. Instead, and from the perspective of this theoretical framework, the controversy results

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... effect on the relation of the event to the com- municative situation (‘past’). In other words, it is part of these speakers’ knowledge of the conventions of their language that the unit involved conveys ... distinctions also exist in the domain of time. The flow of time constitutes (part of) the base of the meaning of verbs. Different lexical verbs may profile different ‘‘slices’’ of time, backgrounding ... through the work of Talmy (1978). In visual perception, one element may be the focus of attention? ?the ‘‘Figure’’; it is perceived as a prominent coherent element and set off against the rest of what

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... indicated by the use of bold lines: they ‘‘profile’’ aspects of the object of conceptualization, but none at the level of the subjects of conceptualization or of the relation between the two levels. ... details. In each of these cases, the landmark with respect to which the trajector is located is part of the ground of the utterance. The position of the ballroom in (3) is calcu- lated from the common ... elements of the construal configuration, and the other some other, or more, elements). This is the way this representation will be used in the remainder of this chapter. The extreme case at the other

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... 73 at the end of section 3). But it may also consist in an increase of the role of the construal relation or the ground in the profile of an expression, or (what ultimately may be part of the same ... knowledge about the president’s re- election (for example, when the speaker is in charge of the election process and has just completed the count of the votes). The use of might relates to the epistemic ... part of the object of conceptuali- zation; in ( 17), it construes an element of the object of conceptualization (the fact that John typed her thesis) as an argument for the addressee to accept the

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... so on. They are in fact the theme of Oakley (this volume, chapter 9). But the commonality of these with all other direct abstractions is significant and worth discussing. 2.4. The Ubiquity of Schematicity ... concepts of Cognitive Grammar has been that of schemas. 1 The aim of this chapter will be to characterize this concept, relate it to some of the other concepts discussed in the surrounding chapters of ... None of these schemas can be expected to exist in all the world’s languages, much less among all the speakers of all those languages (though, of course, as the culture of chess spreads, they

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... in these ways. An obvious kind of example are the semantic poles of lexical items (see note 11), where the complexity of the structure will be the record of the lexical item’s polysemy. Other ... as different views of or readings off the same complex cognitive structures. Part of the nature of such structures as figure 4.3a is the possibility of layers of categories, the idea that higher-order ... can be a part of or practically make up the whole of the content of a schema. The syntactic nature of the extrinsic relations in this case does not make them different in kind from other extrinsic

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 01:20

... to the surface of another without absorption. An example is adsorption of water to the surface of a dielectric. This term is often con- fused with ABSORPTION because the spellings of the two words ... determina- tion of current of large dimension, or of the size of the ampere. ampere-hour Abbreviations: Ah, amp-hr. The quantity of electricity that passes through a cir- cuit in one hour when the rate of ... PRODUCT. alpha decay The decay of a substance in which the nuclei of the atoms emit alpha particles, resulting in a change of the atomic number and atomic weight of the substance over a period of time. alphanumeric...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 06:15

... bipolar transistor. 4. In the operation of an electron tube, the ratio of the derivative (instantaneous rate of change) of the plate voltage to the derivative of the grid volt- age, for zero ... type of radar, the sync delay introduced between trans- mission of the pulse and start of the trace on the indicator screen to eliminate the altitude circle in the display. ALU Abbreviation of ... PROCESSING. adsorption Adhesion of a thin layer of molecules of one substance to the surface of another without absorption. An example is adsorption of water to the surface of a dielectric. This term is often con- fused...

Ngày tải lên: 19/01/2014, 17:20

... modifying only the address part of an instruction. address field In a computer, the part of the in- struction that gives the address of a bit of data (or a word) in the memory. address generation The programmed ... energy, on account of the motion of the source and/or the detecting apparatus. 3. A small displacement in the appar- ent positions of the stars from month to month on account of the earth’s orbital ... struck and then brought near the other, the second fork will begin vibrating. If the second fork has a fundamental frequency that is a harmonic of the frequency of the first fork, the second...

Ngày tải lên: 19/01/2014, 17:20