the gold standard an exchange rate regime whose time has passed

... Financial World: Emerging Market Crises and You 526 Applying the Concept: Malaysia Imposes Capital Controls 528 Applying the Concept: The Gold Standard: an Exchange- Rate Regime Whose Time Has Passed ... Interest Rates and Exchange Rates 651 Bank-Lending and Balance-Sheet Channels 653 Asset-Price Channels: Wealth and Investment 657 Financial Crises and the Transmission of Monetary Policy 660 The Challenges ... and Analytical Problems 237 Data Exploration 239 Contents CHAPTER 10 l xxxv Foreign Exchange 240 Foreign Exchange Basics 242 The Nominal Exchange Rate 242 The Real Exchange Rate 244 Foreign Exchange...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 04:25

... to balance the absolute values of the morphological model, the constrained language model and the IMT model, these probabilities are combined in a log-linear manner regardless of the language ... inof the IMT system) Hence, if the IMT has failed to tegration of the HTR and IMT decoding process and predict the correct word because of poor language the use of the available information can ... i.e the ratio between the errors committed by the on-line HTR decoder and the number of handwritten words introduced by the user All the results have been calculated as the average CER of the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... feature-set is the union of feature sets of all corresponding hypotheses Union, on the other hand, uses hypotheses from all the phrase tables The feature set of these hypotheses are expanded to include ... by an NSERC, Canada (RGPIN: 264905) grant and a Google Faculty Award to the last author We would like to thank Philipp Koehn and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments We also thank ... how the Ensemble model is able to use ngrams from the IN and OUT models to construct a better translation than both of them In the first example, there are two OOVs one for each of the IN and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... action, and A applied to the true user action At A dialog transcript x is generated by our model as follows: At each time t, the system action is St and the unobserved user state is Ut The user ... At , and 14 values for St The user state consists of three bits: one bit indicating whether the system has correctly recognized the callee’s name, one bit indicating whether the system has correctly ... directory has many names, ˜ the number of possible values for At , At , and St is potentially very large To control the size of the model, we first assumed that the user’s intended callee does not change...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... than the score of the F+M hypothesis -26.67 This could be the reason why the baseline selects the word “was” instead of “is” As can be seen, there is another “is” in the preceding context of the ... al., 2006) Pf L is the standard forward n-gram language model If we simultaneously integrate both the backward language model PbL and the MI trigger model M I into the system, the new log-linear ... symbols This is the same as the time complexity of Chiang’s language model integration (Chiang, 2007) Figure shows the algorithm that integrates the backward language model into a standard phrasebased...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... that the annotators understand the meaning of the semantics to be conveyed Annotators were first asked to provide an utterance matching an abstract description of the dialogue act, regardless of the ... with the additional k data points The number of utterances to be queried k should depend on the flexibility of the annotators and the time required for generating all possible utterances in the ... conditioning the realisation phrase at time t on the previous phrase rt−1 , and the previous, current, and following semantic stacks The semantic stack st at time t is assumed While dynamic Bayesian networks...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... effect, for the language pair Spanish-toEnglish In many cases, although not always, there is an even stronger restriction: the difference in the position index is smaller than and the alignment ... positions i of the target words ei and the time (along the horizont.al axis) with the positions j of the source words J) 2.2 Training To train the alignment and the lexicon model, we use the m a x ... Tl-ansformations in normal language, the transformation steps in the target language were inverted The translation results are summarized in Table As an aut.omatic and easy-to-use measure of the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... performance of the Bayesian decision framework to the use of likelihood only P(X|B) as shown in Figure The results demonstrate consistent improvement in F1-measure when using the Bayesian decision ... is the sequence of time with chain starts (S=[t1, t2, … ti, … tNs]), ks is the shape, λs is the scale for the fitted Weibull distribution for chain starts, Ns is the number of chain starts The ... stories, we limit the maximum distance between consecutive words within the lexical chain This limit is optimized according to the approach in (Chan et al 2007) based on the training data The optimal...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... for the GTAP-E Vietnam because of its advantages The most important issue for the GTAP-E model is the inclusion of the energy and CO2 emission data, which define the differences between standard ... on the modified version of the dynamic GTAP and a long-run baseline, the analysis covers CO2 mitigation costs and their impacts on industry competitiveness, the risk of carbon leakage, and the ... 2004 and for the period of 2008-2025 The economy-level and detailed sector-specific effects are also examined considering energy intensive and non-intensive sectors The Standard GTAP model and the...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 14:07

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

... that has a vanishing thermal average in one phase (typically the high-temperature phase) and a non-zero average in the other phases Hence, such a quantity characterizes the onset of order at the ... of the theory of the phase transitions this scale is related to the renormalization of the theory and, as a matter of fact, is responsible of the anomalous dimension of the order parameter Phase ... permits us to recover the thermodynamics of the system The equivalence between the microcanonical and the canonical ensembles can be proved by analyzing the fluctuations of the energy ΔE = H − H...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:45

... activation and inefficient activation of mouse complement by the human Aβ present in the SPs in these animals Other animal models in which SPs (and NFTs, if present) are of endogenous, rather than human, ... liver is the main source of these proteins in peripheral blood, but they are also synthesized in other organs including the brain [31] Protein fragments generated during activation of the system ... in the APP/C1q- animals, compared with APP mice Microglial and astrocytic activation was significantly reduced in the APP/C1q- animals These results were interpreted to suggest that in these animal...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... above and below the ends of the implant, cleaned of soft-tissue, and fixed in 70% alcohol The specimen was further dehydrated in absolute alcohol and de-fatted in 50% mixture of ether and acetone ... the implant and the bone and soft-tissue pixels adjacent to the edge of the implants were counted Osseointegration was defined as bone-to-implant contact and calculated as the ratio of the number ... osseointegration than the grit-blasted Figure Mean osseointegration (with standard deviation bars) was plotted for each group at the 6-week and 12-week time points No significant differences between time points...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... difference in the mean values of surface hardness and the weight percentages of the insoluble parts The mean domain size and the volume fraction of the rubber phase favor that of the water-bath ... curing energy The adaptation of the record bases to a standard cast was measured to determine if there were any statistical significant differences in the fit that could be attributed to the differences ... immersion in the water, the residual monomer content can leach out and the water replace them However, once the majority of the leachable components are extracted During storage in an aqueous environment,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... independent of the genotypes of the parents Thus, within genotypes, the ranking of the candidates is not changed relative to the ranking obtained when using the information on the major gene ... described by Dekkers and van Arendonk [2] and by Manfredi et al [13] where the purpose of the optimisation was to achieve the right emphasis given to the major gene relative to the polygenes for ... the genotypic value due to the major locus and u is the polygenic effect The i major locus had an additive effect (a), defined as half the difference between the two homozygotes, and a dominance...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... means of the eigenvalues as the global means of the ratio of quadratic forms, eg, the arithmetic and the geometric means: The geometric mean of the eigenvalues is: in The arithmetic [A2.1] can ... related to the likelihood of the hypothesis ’all the animals are equal’, and CD could be linked to the power of the test ’are the animals different?’ This distinction is very important, since the main ... (i) the animals are unrelated, and (ii) animals are unrelated within management unit, but each animal has a full sib in the other management unit; ( and ( U4 are full-sib pairs Obviously, there...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... Poland Switzerland Swiss Red Holstein USA Germany The Netherlands New-Zealand Canada Denmark-Finland-Sweden France Italy Australia Belgium Ireland Spain Slovenia French Red Holstein Hungary Japan ... records and weak ties with the other countries The mean number of common bulls between French Red Holstein and the other countries was as low as 9, and those for Latvia and Slovenia were 29 and 32, ... Quant refers to quantile 14 Tables Table - Variances ± standard errors for protein yield from the factor analysis fitting factors and from the PC analysis fitting 19 PC Country Number of bulls Canada...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... environments Since the aim of the breeder is to compare animals in order to select the best, these comparisons are even more important than the individual values On the other hand, the predicted values ... to the eigenvalues of the matrix the above ratios of quadratic forms can be related to the generalized eigenvalue problem (Golub and Van Loan, CD, CD(x) = an implies = 1983): As in the standard ... like the arithmetic (p and the geometric ( means of the eigenvalues Since the rank ) l ) P2 of is equal to the rank of Z’MZ, which is less than n, there is always a null eigenvalue Thus, the geometric...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... where dx stands for the symbolic notation I dx (Johnsson and Kotz, ¡ 1i The joint and the marginal distributions arising in [3] are as follows: where C is the variance-covariance matrix of the ML ... isa and [9a)

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20