the efficiency of markets

... price-floor of $10 reduces the difference b/w the price of fair-trade coffee and the inexpensive coffee brands, which now must sell for $10 instead of $8 This lowers the consumer’s opportunity cost of ... determine the size of this deadweight loss? How does tax revenue depend on the size of the tax? Learning Objectives By the end of this session, students should understand: – the effects of government ... necessarily go to the buyers who value them the most  In contrast, when prices are not controlled, the rationing mechanism is efficient (the goods go to the buyers that value them the most) and...

Ngày tải lên: 30/04/2015, 18:53

... the left side of the blots The Western blots are shown in panels A and B and the relative amounts of each of the subunits determined by densitometry scanning of the stained Western blots of the ... in the inner mitochondrial membrane or lack of detection of the truncated protein by the antibodies In the W303–1B q° strain the amounts of the other two catalytic subunits, cytochrome c1 and the ... the absence of subunit also resulted in an increase in the ratio of intermediate to mature cytochrome c1 and a disappearance of the intermediate form of the Rieske protein At the same time, the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20

... trend in the income (before taxes) share of the top 0.1% (the top solid line in the figure) and the top 0.01% (the lower dashed line) since 1945.32 Under both definitions of the top of the income ... However, the top tax rate reductions appear to be associated with the increasing concentration of income at the top of the income distribution The share of income accruing to the top 0.1% of U.S ... Share of Income of Top 0.1% Share of Income of Top 0.01% Source: Piketty and Saez Note: The vertical axis is the share of total income The observed relationship between the top tax rates and the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... activity of the enzyme was determined using the Betamyl b-amylase test reagent (Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland) To determine the pH stability of the b-amylase, aliquots of a solution of the purified ... for h at 25 8C Then 0.1 vol of a solution of 0.5 M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) was added and the activity of the enzyme was measured by the dinitrosalicylic acid method Inhibition of the enzyme activity ... at their 50 and 30 boundaries, respectively, and were inserted between the third letter of one codon and the first letter of the following codon Molecular modeling of the C sepium b-amylase The...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 07:20

... the ligand to the other repeats that share a common epitope Other inhibition mechanisms cannot be excluded; among these, there is the possibility that, through the effect of the proximities of ... proteins in the presence or absence of Fn (or the NTD), all of the mAbs showed strong anti-LIBS activity However, these results not rule out the possibility that the immune system of the host might ... by the injection of soluble repeats or 10 of both FnBPA and FnBPB across the sensor chip surface Table reports the kinetic constants of the binding and the calculated KD values The affinities of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 22:21

... features of the consensus motif into the Zm-p60.1 scaffold, an analysis of structural and catalytic properties of the mutants, and simulations of the substrate–enzyme interactions of the wild-type ... analysis of plant b-glucosidases to obtain insights into the evolution of the molecular sites involved in the two modes of aglycone binding The amino acid sequence of Zm-p60.1 was compared with the ... in the wild-type, whereas the proportions of a helices appear to be lower in F461L, F200K and P2 Furthermore, the F193A and W373K mutations not result in any change in the thermostability of the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 04:20

... stabilization The functional folding of membrane proteins overproduced by the new cell-free (CF) approach is of primary interest, and we therefore further analyzed the quality of ETB samples ... T7-tag at the N-terminus and a poly(His)10-tag at the C-terminus (Fig 1) To obtain the highest yields of the individual constructs, optimization of the Mg2+ and K+ concentrations in the ranges ... or as a precipitate in the absence of detergents We analyzed the yield and sample quality of ETB synthesized in the presence of FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 3257–3269 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 10:20

... standard deviation of noise determined in the signal domain unless stated otherwise Results and Discussion The analysis of MMP raises methodical questions and concerns such as the type of sample (serum ... the detection of collagen and/or MMP-9 or for the study of interactions between these molecules; 1) renewing of the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) surface; 2) adsorption of MMP-9 or collagen ... up to 10% Based on results obtained a stripping current of mA was selected for the following experiments The shape of the dependence of the CPSA peak height on MMP-9 concentration was obtained...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:18

... the “federal offset” For more on the federal offset, see page 11) • The average tax rate on families in the middle 20 percent of the income spectrum is 9.4 percent • The average tax rate on the ... just 0.1 percent of the income of the very best-off In other words, these excise taxes are 16 times harder on the poor than the rich, and times harder on middle-income families than the rich In addition ... with their incomes In either case, the path that states choose in the near future will have a major impact on the well-being of their citizens — and on the fairness of state and local taxes WHY THE...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... and the arrow indicates the position of the b-tubulin/CCT complex (B) The amounts of the tubulin bound to CCT were quantitated by the use of a phosphorimager and expressed as a fraction of the ... 4): the helix H9, the H10–S9 loop, and the S7–H9 loop, defined as the ÔM loopÕ [45,46] Comparison of the primary structure of E focardii b-T1 polypeptide P259–T372 with the same region of the ... identical to that of the a-subunit of rabbit CCT; the second polypeptide may correspond to another CCT subunit of E focardii that contains epitope(s) similar to that/those of the a-subunit These results...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 21:20

... by addition of SQG Thus, the sulfonyl moiety of SQMG may form a salt bridge to the amino moiety of the sidechain of K35 The hydroxyl moieties of the sugar of SQMG might interact with the sidechain ... reciprocal plots of the results show that all of the inhibitors tested for pol b activity competed with the DNA template and the substrate (Table 1) In the case of the DNA template-primer, the apparent ... that of a mixture of SQG and MA (Fig 3B) An excessive amount of SQG or MA (i.e I P ẳ 10) did not inhibit the ssDNA binding activity of the 8-kDa domain of pol b (Lanes and of Fig 3C) On the other...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... Figure displays the trend in the income (before taxes) share of the top 0.1% (the top solid line in the figure) and the top 0.01% (the lower 39 CRS analysis of the data contained in the 1996 and ... 2003) 64 The correlation of the change in the growth of the monetary base with the top statutory tax rate is 0.031 and with the top capital gains tax rate is 0.003 The correlation of the average ... Share of Income of Top 0.1% Share of Income of Top 0.01% Source: Piketty and Saez Note: The vertical axis is the share of total income The observed relationship between the top tax rates and the...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 05:21

... activity and economic growth They therefore achieve the worst of both worlds: they hurt the economy while exacerbating the federal budget deficit The sad part of the continuing saga is that things ... over the calendar year.16 The total amount of the deduction is computed by subtracting the percentage of the taxpayer’s income that was earned as a result of qualified domestic activities from the ... reports the expected total increase in annual employment over the first years of the investment phase Table 4, Column A, gives a sense of the distribution of the 271,572 jobs created in the investment...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

... concentrated at the top of the column during the equilibration period or during the initial stages of the gradient run 4~)55 As the eluent strength is increased, these impurities are eluted from the column ... that the presence of the tyrosine or tryptophan residue in the center of the hydrophobic face of the preferred peptide-binding domain may help to amplify differences between the packings The unexpected ... attempted in the separation of a peptide mixture B Char_acterization of Peptides The distinction between a peptide, polypeptide, or protein, in terms of the number of peptide residues they contain,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/04/2014, 09:46

... characterization of phosphorylation is critical to the elucidation of signal transduction pathways, the understanding of the mechanism of disease progression, and the development of therapeutic applications ... signaling in the apoptotic pathway because of the limited amount of sample from patients and normal donors On the other hand, in vitro culture is capable of sustaining a large number of cells, which ... factor (AIFM1) are the main common components of the intrinsic and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway The activation of various death stimuli triggers the localization of pro-apoptotic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... increase in diversity of the T cell repertoire was detected in the pancreases, with most of the BV families present at pre-diabetic and diabetic stages A similar expansion profile of the BV TCR repertoire ... while another study identify comparable B:T cell ratios in the spleen for NOD animals [5] The accumulation of B cells in the pancreas of NOD.Igμnull reconstituted mice could bypass the requirement ... unreconstituted NOD.Igμ null mice These Page of 10 results demonstrate that B cells are required for the generation of a pathogenic repertoire of T cells infiltrating the pancreas that promote diabetes...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... characterization of phosphorylation is critical to the elucidation of signal transduction pathways, the understanding of the mechanism of disease progression, and the development of therapeutic applications ... signaling in the apoptotic pathway because of the limited amount of sample from patients and normal donors On the other hand, in vitro culture is capable of sustaining a large number of cells, which ... factor (AIFM1) are the main common components of the intrinsic and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway The activation of various death stimuli triggers the localization of pro-apoptotic...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... increase in diversity of the T cell repertoire was detected in the pancreases, with most of the BV families present at pre-diabetic and diabetic stages A similar expansion profile of the BV TCR repertoire ... while another study identify comparable B:T cell ratios in the spleen for NOD animals [5] The accumulation of B cells in the pancreas of NOD.Igμnull reconstituted mice could bypass the requirement ... unreconstituted NOD.Igμ null mice These Page of 10 results demonstrate that B cells are required for the generation of a pathogenic repertoire of T cells infiltrating the pancreas that promote diabetes...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... HIV-1 subtypes Currently, the workgroup consists of investigators from 15 sites in 13 countries The goal of the workgroup is to collect and analyze a robust database of sequences and clinical ... Journal of the International AIDS Society 2005, 7:71 increasing data on the genotype of B and non-B viruses among drug-naive and -experienced patients Although the overall response ... resistance patterns will be useful to test the hypothesis that the knowledge acquired in subtype B can be implemented in persons infected with non-B subtypes.[15] The collected data are intended to be...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... between the curves in the case of CoD-B and in the random case genes identified by CoD-Q, the curves of cumulated probability laid between the curves in the case of CoD-B and the curve in the random ... computational tool for the CoexPro algorithm that we have developed All computations were conducted using the software The effects of the number of control points and the order k of the B-spline function ... one uses the MSE metric, then CoD is the ratio of the explained variation to the total variation and denotes the strength of association between predictor genes and the target gene Mathematically,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20