summary of requirements for 100 x ray and pwht

... Figure 2.12) 27 Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X- Ray Radiation TXM STXM Figure 2.12: Schematic drawings of the two main types of X- ray microscopes: the transmission X- ray microscope (TXM) magnifies ... Multilayer Mirrors For the interaction of soft X- ray photons with matter, the real part of the complex index of refraction − δ is slightly less than unity and therefore often lower than that of vacuum ... energies of approx 10 keV to 250 eV) and from to 40 nm (approx 250 to 30 eV) are referred to as soft X- ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region, respectively The energies of SXR and EUV...

Ngày tải lên: 25/11/2015, 15:14

... PRACTICE FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR BODIES PROVIDING AUDIT AND CERTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE TRUSTWORTHY DIGITAL REPOSITORIES [5] Conformity Assessment Requirements for Bodies Providing Audit and Certification ... RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR BODIES PROVIDING AUDIT AND CERTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE TRUSTWORTHY DIGITAL REPOSITORIES GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 5.1 LEGAL AND CONTRACTUAL MATTERS The requirements ... PRACTICE FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR BODIES PROVIDING AUDIT AND CERTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE TRUSTWORTHY DIGITAL REPOSITORIES 6.1 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND TOP MANAGEMENT The requirements...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:20

... timber in industrial sector and civil construction Small timber for panels and wood chips for export Small timber for producing wood pulp, Mine poles Value of exported forestry products (million ... due to increased requirements for higher quality inputs Timber supply of Vietnam 3.1 Forest land of Vietnam In 2005 the Government of Vietnam categorized 19.02 million as Forest Land This area is ... include policies on forest land allocation, benefit sharing, restructuring of state forest enterprises, forest land classification, establishment of wood processing units, and removal of barriers that...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 04:20

... phenolics and dioxins compounds and contribute more than 70% of total AOX The chlorine dioxide because of its high oxidation potential decreases the formation of chlorinated phenolics, colour, AOX, ... Cl2/t pulp The dioxins are quite resistant to degradation and have an elevated potential for bioaccumulation The toxic effect and toxic levels of dioxins fixed by different countries and agencies ... brown stock washers for extraction of black liquor and for washing of pulp The washing efficiency of these washers depend on nature and quality of fibrous raw materials Most of the small mills...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 09:20

... mass of scientific information to develop prevention programs (for example in the area of asthma and lead exposure.) This knowledge has been crucial for national and local programs and also for ... children from adverse exposures, and provide a wealth of knowledge and experience from which we can build a strong foundation for informed and effective action, building on tools and mechanisms already ... national and global efforts to clean the air, water and soil of contaminants, and to properly manage chemicals in the environment Identify and recognize high profile "champions" in a number of professional...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 11:20

... scientific understanding of the impacts of sulfur emissions, and improving estimates of the relative benefits of different control options, are two important pieces of information for leveraging ... cultural and climatic reasons; and differences in land use and zoning patterns (determining who lives where).” As a result of these differences, some of the emerging state of the art methodologies for ... due to farm activity and pulverization by vehicles, and Ramakrishnan Narayana added yet other air pollutant risks to the list: brick kilns, manual mixing of cement and sand in the building construction...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/05/2014, 09:20

... Activation of vasculature in tumors, extravasation and proliferation of T cells, and increased ratios of Teff/Treg and IFN-γ/IL-10 were discovered to be the mechanisms of anti-tumor effects of CTLA-4 ... processes The ligation of VEGFR-2 by the majority of VEGF isoforms triggers the proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells, which in tumors form the framework of immature new neoplastic ... the formation and maintenance of tumor vasculature and the progression of cancer VEGF and PDGF bind their corresponding receptors to trigger receptor autophosphorylation and the initiation of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... basis and method of study of the thesis - The thesis bases on theoretical basis of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology and the viewpoints, guidelines and policies of the Communist Party of Vietnam, ... Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of South Korea and the General Department of National Cultural Heritage of South Korea In the population and promotion of cultural heritage value of Hue, ... the requirements of a complex of large-scaled, diversified and complicated monuments that cannot match the inherent cultural potential of TTH The subject role of TTH people in preserving and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/07/2014, 13:33

... results of pre-test and experiment of methodologies for experimental objectives O3, O4 are results of pre-test and experiments of methodologies on control group (time of O1 is the same as O3, and ... minimal requirements of facilities for designed themes - Teachers must have skills of designing handouts to pupils 2.2.3 Using types of activities and forms of organizing recreation education flexibly ... control and experimental objectives Pedagogic experiments applied model of experiment as follows: R1: O1 X O2 R2 O3 Y O4 In which: R1 is experimental group R2 is control group X is experimental...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 14:07

... action of SERCA by administration of captopril, and β-agonists (or decreasing the action of phospholamban), results in improvement of diastolic relaxation [28] Pathophysiology and diagnosis of DD ... measurement of pressure at the end of systole and volume loops [40] This invasive assessment of diastolic function allows the study of isovolumic relaxation (time constant of LV relaxation is longer ... Echocardiogr BNP and advanced DHF Literature review: "The Theory" of DD Diagnosis of DD in a Cardiothoracic setting Assessment and diagnosis of DD can be performed with non-invasive (2D and Doppler-echocardiography,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:20

... Hard soft Hard Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard soft Hard Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Length z Hard Hard Div Div hor φ vert ψ S0 S1 , S , S Hard Hard soft Hard Hard Hard Calc Soft File ... development of micro and nanofabrication techniques, in particular for planar nanometer-scale structures with sizes of the order of X- ray wavelengths, as well as the deposition and growth of thin films of ... the range of applications possible with current and future X- ray and neutron sources – Better cooperation between national groups of researchers in the design and application of X- ray and neutron...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... Methods for a X- Ray and Neutron Optics SPIE-Proceedings, vol 5536, 2004, pp 61–70 13 A Erko, in X- Ray Optics; Raytracing model of a Zoneplate, ed by B Beckhoff et al Handbook of Practical X- Ray Fluorescence ... Crystallography and Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992) 39 W.H Zachariasen, Theory of X- ray Diffraction in Crystals, (Wiley, New York, 1945) 40 Z.G Pinsker, Dynamical Scattering of X- rays in Crystals, ... array Y ≡ (ki , r, kf , ), generated by linear transformation of an array of random numbers X uniformly distributed over the range (−0.5; 0.5), Y = M X+ Y0 The optimum choice of the transformation...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... E (x, y) = U (x, y) exp(ikx), (6.14) (6.15) where U (x, y) is the complex amplitude of the electric field E (x, y) which changes slowly along the optical axis 0X ε is the dielectric constant of ... case of the propagation between parallel planes: Eω2⊥ (x2 , y2 ) ≈ exp ω 2πicL Eω1⊥ (x1 , y1 ) iω [L + (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 ]1/2 dx1 dy1 , c (5.9) where Eω1⊥ and Eω2⊥ are the fields before and ... the propagation of the X- rays in a waveguide composed of a BN film sandwiched between two layers of Al2 O3 In 1992, exploiting previous studies made by Bedzyk [2] on the X- ray standing waves created...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... WG exit at a distance x = xdif for X = Xmin and X = Xmin /2, respectively As can be seen, for X = Xmin the WG can provide a single mode coherent beam, whilst for X = Xmin /2 a clear mode mixing ... angle for total reflection), the function M (x, y) can be expressed asymptotically as a sum of two terms M1 (x, y) ≈ ky π 2x exp i −i πk 2x M2 (x, y) ≈ π 2x θ2 exp ik(θc y − c x) + i πk θc x2 − ... high-resolution X- ray microscopes (TXMs) and scanning transmission X- ray microscopes (STXMs) use zone plates as imaging or focusing X- ray optical elements [1, 2] Therefore, the diffraction properties of zone...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... equation has a solution for the electrical field E (x, z) of the form ∞ ∞ Am (z) exp (−j ρm · r ) Em (x, z) = E0 E (x, z) = m=−∞ (8.20) m=−∞ with ρm · r = ρm ,x x + ρm,z z This solution of the wave equation ... near normal incidence and the refractive indices of matter are close to unity for X- rays Therefore, in diffractive transmission X- ray optics forward-diffracted waves are dominant and sufficiently accurate ... Equation (8.35) is the expanded form of the matrix equation given by dA(z) = M A(z), dz (8.38) where M denotes a complex general matrix, which includes the X- ray optical parameters of the grating as...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... main centers of interest: high resolution X- ray imaging on the one hand, and improvement of the spatial quality of collimated X- ray beams on the other hand Applications are, for example, EUV photolithography, ... diagnostic for highly curved surfaces compared to standard LTPs This partnership has also led to the development of X- ray Hartmann wavefront sensors to measure and control the spatial quality of X- ray ... deviations and the radius of curvature of a sample in the form of line scans and in a three dimensional display format For plane surfaces the estimated root mean square measuring uncertainty of the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... discussed for optical devices in each of these categories 17.1 Introduction A summary of microfocusing optics and methods for hard X- rays is presented The hard X- ray region is taken as extending ... type of X- ray microscopy deals with rather soft X- ray energies (100 2,000 eV), in particular, in the so-called water window region between the K-shell X- ray absorption edges of carbon and oxygen ... wideband multilayer coatings is foreseen in the next generation of soft (E < 10 keV) and hard X- ray (E > 10 keV) telescopes with imaging capabilities, like SIMBOL -X [1], Constellation -X [2], XEUS...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... optics X- ray microprobes are widely used in combination with the most modern experimental techniques, such as the X- ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X- ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) XAFS ... inside of glass fibers, the effect of internal total reflection leads to the transport of visible light The refraction index for X- rays depends on the wavelength and on the energy of the X- ray photons, ... Optics for X- Rays 305 18.5 Concluding Remarks As shown, capillary optics can be used for X- ray diffractometry and X- ray fluorescence analysis Efficient beam focusing allows it to realize micro-XRF and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... The applications of such sources include proximity X- ray lithography, soft X- ray contact microscopy, or micromachining of polymers by direct photoetching Grazing incidence X- ray optics can be ... nonplanar geometry and shaped surfaces According to our experience, any kind of multifoil X- ray optics, which was already manufactured and tested in both visible light and in X- rays, exhibits the worse ... for the focusing of X- rays with the trajectory along the x- axis In the symmetric bi-concave parabolic lens in (a) the radius of curvature on the optical axis of the curved lens surface is R and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22