substitution and elimination reactions

... to the development and optimization of fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of ... planar and a tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell 2.1 Computational domain The full computational domains for the planar and tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell consist of cathode and anode gas flow fields, and ... right hand side, accounts for the heat exchange to and from the solid matrix of the GDL The gas phase and the liquid phase are assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., the liquid water and...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... with 25 molecules of O2 to form 16 molecules of CO2 and 18 molecules of H2O moles of C8H18 react with 25 moles of O2 to form 16 moles of CO2 and 18 moles of H2O mol C8H18 : 25 mol O2 : 16 mol ... Reactant • for reactions with multiple reactants, it is likely that one • • of the reactants will be completely used before the others when this reactant is used up, the reaction stops and no more ... McGraw Hill O + H H O + O H H 11 Limiting and Excess Reactants in the Combustion of Methane CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) • If we have molecules of CH4 and molecules of O2, which is the limiting...

Ngày tải lên: 28/11/2013, 01:11

... contribution of Met1, and Met23 substituted for Leu, Fig Comparison of the cyclization reaction as a function of temperature and pH (A), (B) and (C): (d), (s) and (.) correspond to pH 2.5, 8.0 and 11.5, ... The pH was adjusted to 2.5, 8.0 and 11.5 and the samples were incubated at 37 °C, 50 °C and 70 °C Aliquots were taken at different time-points from each sample and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS The ... hydrolysis reaction as a function of denaturing agent and pH (A), (B) and (C): (d), (s) and (.) correspond to guanidinium chloride concentrations of , and M, respectively Hydrolysis was calculated as...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20

... separating b-strands In Figure B, we define the pulling coordinate for the A’ and G b-strands as the distance between the first amino acid of strand A’ (Y9) and the last amino acid of strand G (K87) ... continued examination and the development and refinement of theoretical models further progress could be made in understanding the molecular mechanism in protein folding and chemical reactions Experimental ... originates from a localized patch of hydrogen bonds between the A’ and G b-strands of the protein (Figure A).[54, 56] The A’ and G strands must slide past one another for unfolding to occur Since...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis of U.S and foreign media and public opinion reactions to incidents of collateral damage involving civilian deaths in recent U.S wars and military operations ... Development Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S Air Force’s federally funded research and development ... readiness, and support of current and future aerospace forces Research is conducted in four programs: Aerospace Force Development; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... K Landfester ( ) and C.K Weiss Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany e-mail: landfester@mpip-mainz.mpg.de 13 16 16 19 28 29 30 37 K Landfester and ... wide variety of different reactions It has been shown that organic reactions like esterification and saponification [1, 2], crystallization processes [3–6] and sol-gel reactions [7] can efficiently ... hollow spheres and polymer capsules The potential applications of these systems for encapsulation and their use as microreactors to perform a host of complex reactions are discussed, and examples...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 10:35

... through ozone and air; the altitude (4% increase for each 300 m of elevation); the latitude (increasing intensity with decreasing latitude); and the amount of cloud cover, fog, and pollution ... affecting human skin include the UV and visible wavelengths between 290 and 700 nm In addition, the wavelengths beyond 700 nm in the infrared spectrum primarily emit heat and under certain circumstances ... energy in the UV and visible spectra The UV spectrum reaching the earth represents

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... circulation from the bone marrow and the liver and are transported to the skin, where they absorb incident energy both in the Soret band, around 400 nm (short visible), and to a lesser extent in the ... proteins, lipids, and 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of vitamin D; and (2) chemicals, such as porphyrins, synthesized elsewhere in the body that circulate in the bloodstream and diffuse into ... dimers and reduces the degree of solar damage and skin cancer DNA damage in LCs may contribute to the known immunosuppressive effects of UV-B (see "Immunologic Effects," below) Cutaneous Optics and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... sunscreens and the induction of hardening by the cautious administration of artificial UV-B (broad-band or narrow-band) and/ or UV-A radiation for 2–3 weeks prior to initial sun exposure Phototoxicity and ... The diagnosis can be confirmed by skin biopsy and by performing phototest procedures in which skin is exposed to multiple erythema doses of UVA and UV-B The action spectrum for PLE is usually ... photosensitivity disorders are related to the topical or systemic administration of drugs and other chemicals Both reactions require the absorption of energy by a drug or chemical resulting in the production...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... management of drug photosensitivity involves first and foremost the elimination of exposure to the chemical agents responsible for the reaction and minimization of sun exposure The acute symptoms ... spectrum Heme cannot be reutilized and must be continuously synthesized, and the two body compartments with the largest capacity for its production are the bone marrow and the liver Accordingly, the ... manifest a broad spectrum of UV hyperresponsiveness and require meticulous photoprotection including avoiding sun exposure, high (>30) SPF sunscreens, and in severe cases systemic immunosuppression,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... a hemorrhagic base, that heal slowly with crusting and purplish discoloration of the affected skin Hypertrichosis, mottled pigmentary change, and scleroderma-like induration are associated features ... be obtained by measurement of urinary porphyrin excretion, plasma porphyrin assay, and by assay of erythrocyte and/ or hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase Multiple mutations of the uroporphyrinogen ... uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene have been identified in human populations, including exon skipping and base substitutions Some patients with PCT have associated mutations in the HFE gene linked to hemochromatosis...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... sunburn erythema with and without sunscreen application The monograph stipulates that sunscreens must be rated on a scale ranging from minimal (SPF ≤2 and ≥12) to moderate (SPF ≤12 and ≥30) to high ... cutaneous T cell lymphoma and vitiligo Psoralens are tricyclic furocoumarins that, when intercalated into DNA and exposed to UV-A, form adducts with pyrimidine bases and eventually form DNA cross-links ... of long-term UV-B phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy mimic those seen in individuals with chronic sun exposure and include skin dryness, actinic keratoses, and an increased risk of skin cancer...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... wrinkling, blotchiness, and telangiectasia and a roughened, irregular, "weatherbeaten" leathery appearance Whether this photoaging represents accelerated chronologic aging or a separate and distinct process ... leathery texture and the blotchy discoloration of sun-damaged skin UV-A is important in the pathogenesis of photoaging in human skin, and ROS are likely involved The dermis and its connective ... connective tissue damage and elevated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMPs are enzymes involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, and UV-A induces MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expression,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... rxns with ligands that are essential for the living system • Metal ligands are formed with sulfhydryl groups, as well as amino, phosphate, imidazole, and hydroxyl groups of enzymes and essential ... Australia – Gastrolobium and Oxylobium Cl • Highly lethal (TD mg/1080 kg) Toxic Free Radical Tetrachloro-methane Principles of Environmental Toxicology Case Study: Fluorocitrate and Kangaroos Free ... hydrocarbon • Environmental carcinogen • Cell cultures from rodents, fish and humans Aspergillus mycotoxin found on corn, peanuts and cottonseed 25 26 Principles of Environmental Toxicology Principles...

Ngày tải lên: 09/07/2014, 08:21

... cardiovascular and other side effects and food substances with the potential to cause allergic food reactions Conclusion Physicians should inquire about their patients’ use of CAM and DS products and should ... the patients and was reported to the referring family physicians Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Dietary Supplement Products Used by the Patients A summary of the CAM and DS products ... the 70 Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology / Volume 2, Number 2, Summer 2006 Table Summary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Dietary Supplement Products and Their Potential Side...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 16:04

Ngày tải lên: 13/04/2015, 15:23

... the development and optimization of micro fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development ... right hand side, accounts for the heat exchange to and from the solid matrix of the GDL The gas phase and the liquid phase are assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., the liquid water and ... electrochemical reactions and represents the magnitude of activation energy, when the reaction propagates at the rate demanded by the current The activation overpotential can be divided into the anode and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:17

... thank Sumod and Sreeni for their continual help and encouragements during my candidature period My appreciation is also extended to Ms Peggy and Yan Hui from the NMR lab, Mdm Irene and Mr Philip ... ABX is a new ligand in which a bond has been formed between AB and both M and X In general, there are two main types of insertion, 1,1- and 1,2- insertions as shown in Scheme 1.1a and 1.1b respectively.1a ... Diels-Alder reactions between the coordinated DMPP and a series of arsino- and phosphino-substituted furans such as 2(furyl)diphenylarsine, 2-(furyl)diphenylphosphine, bis-(2-(furyl))phenylarsine and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:17

... gratitude and indubtedness to my parents, my grandfather and other relatives for their constant concern love, patience and surpport Special thanks to my wife, Ma Lanfang, for her love and encouragement ... solvents and sodium hydroxide In the synthesis of (Co,Ni) with average diameters between 150 and 500 nm, PVP and ethylene glycol were mixed with cobalt and nickel acetate with PVP The glycol and organic ... PLLA-b-PPEGMA 110 Figure 5.5 XPS C 1s and Br 3d core level spectra of PLLA (a, b) and PLLA-bPPEGMA (d, e), and Cl 2p spectra of PLLA-b-PPEGMA before and after treatment with thionyl chloride...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:09