structure physiology and metabolism of bacterial cells

... understanding how mycorrhizae affect host nutrition and physiology With the use of new techniques and methods, we are now able to understand not only how fungi affect nutrient uptake and tree ... cells A cation-anion balance sheet was determined for mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Douglas fir seedling roots during a short uptake period (Bledsoe and Rygiewicz, 1986) Influx and efflux of ... 75% of the control rates Thus choice of the fungal partner did affect amino acid uptake rates roots of Amino acid metabolism Amino acid uptake different amino acids, uptake rates by roots of Douglas...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20

... H Shimano Physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family SREBP-1c and lipogenesis The SREBP family consists of three isoforms: SREBP1a, SREBP-1c, and SREBP-2 Each isoform has a different ... Triglyceride 617 Physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family H Shimano at G1 [19] In particular, p21 is a direct target of SREBP [20] The role of SREBP-1a in the regulation of cell growth and the ... p21, p27, and p16, and causes cell cycle arrest Feedback Glucose G6PD Glc6P Fig Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by SREBPs Acetyl-CoA is produced from glycolysis of glucose, and passed...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 13:20

... Summary of Principles 24 a The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the young and defenseless, always involve sacrifice on the part 24 of the parents and the stronger members of ... first appear The use of brain, muscle and glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues results in the development of the nerve, muscle [34 ]and gland cells into a condition ... principle of biology was first discovered and formulated by the great German Biologist, Weissmann Summary of Principles a The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the young and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 13:20

... rapid uptake of [3H]anandamide by Ó FEBS 2003 Uptake and metabolism of anandamide by rabbit platelets (Eur J Biochem 270) 3501 Fig Effect of caffeic acid and indomethacin on [3H]anandamide metabolism ... between 100 and 2000 nM was used and the incubation took place at 37 °C The concentration of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride used was mM and the preincubation time was 15 Metabolism of [3H] anandamide ... to the control cells (not shown) In the presence of 75 lM indomethacin, a significant inhibition of anandamide metabolism was observed At min, the inhibition was  65% and the metabolism reached...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... the 3D structures, IPP condensation kinetics and mechanism of trans-IPPS and cis-IPPS for the production of linear polyprenyl pyrophosphates, and the reaction mechanism and structures of protein ... studies examined the conserved Asp and Glu of E coli UPPS and revealed the importance of Asp26, Asp150 and Glu213 in substrate binding and catalysis [66] Replacement of Asp26 with Ala results in 103-fold ... two a helices (a2 and a3) and four b strands (bB, bA, bD, and bC) as shown in Fig 5A In contrast with the symmetric structure of M luteus UPPS, two protein conformations (open and closed forms)...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 22:20

... chain of this residue forming hydrogen bonds with oxygens of the 3-phosphate; NH1 and NH2 of Arg105 form hydrogen bonds with the 4-OH and 5-OH of the inositol moiety; and the aromatic ring of Tyr59 ... compilation ª 2008 FEBS 3265 Structure, regulation and evolution of Nox H Sumimoto Fig 17 Domain structures of p67phox and its related proteins The total number of amino acid residues of each protein is ... of p67phox, and oxidase activation [181] The crystal structures of the p67phox– PB1 and p40phox–PB1 complexes [187] demonstrate that Lys355 of p67phox forms direct bonds with Asp289, Glu291 and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... repeat and relative expression of the HD gene We then determined the structure of the mouse CB1 gene and determined that transcription of the CB1 gene was affected in striatal neurons of transgenic ... CB1 promoter, we determined the sequence and structure of the 5¢-end of cDNAs corresponding to full-length mature CB1 mRNA and deduced the structure of the CB1 gene by comparing the cDNA sequences ... (C and D) are shown For each series of protection reactions, 10 pg of undigested probe control (P) and a no target control that consists of 400 pg of probe combined with excess yeast RNA and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 18:20

... demands are imposed on the sensitivity and selectivity of the methodology, which should provide molecular structure and dynamics information In this article, we present the potential of Raman and ... the physiological processes of cytochrome c Methodology Raman and IR spectroscopy are molecular structuresensitive techniques, as the frequencies and band intensities of vibrational transitions ... spectroscopy: since the electronic transitions of most of the protein cofactors (e.g haem) of proteins are at shorter wavelengths, the combination of molecular RR and the surface-enhanced Raman effect...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:20

... terms of establishing hypotheses and providing proof of concept and statistical evidence for many of them Over the next few years, it will become essential to investigate more of the details of ... sequence, and this controls the topology of the final structures and is related to the direction of the G-rich strands making up the core Loops may link positions on the top (or bottom) of the stacks, ... [14] Which of these structures is preferred depends on the sequence and length of the loops – in general, shorter loops favour parallel structures [15] There are also more exotic ways of arranging...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 03:20

... B-3 and CCL-75 cells ranged from 40% to 70% To determine the effect of wildtype and mutant forms of GST on injected cells, all surviving HLE B-3 and CCL-75 cells were scored at 24 and 48 h and ... left hand margins of (A) and (B) Lanes 1, 2, and in both panels represent extracts of HLE B-3 cells transfected with wild-type, empty vector and hGSTA4, respectively (C) For comparison of expression ... Awasthi, Y.C (2001) Accelerated metabolism and exclusion of 4-hydroxynonenal through induction of RLIP76 and hGST5.8 is an early adaptive response of cells to heat and oxidative stress J Biol Chem...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 13:20

... The sequences of the upper strand of the normal and the corresponding mutant oligonucleotides are listed in Table The probes were prepared by annealing the upper and lower strands of oligonucleotides, ... COS-1 cells and CF cells As shown in Fig 7C, when the CIS-Luc reporter was cotransfected with pTf-STAT5-HAJH1, the luciferase activity was increased fourfold and fivefold, in COS-1 cells and CF cells, ... in vivo Fig Phylogenic tree of Tf STAT5 and other STAT family members The amino acid sequences of DNA-binding and SH2 domains of Tf STAT5 were aligned with those of nine known STAT proteins The...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

... 10 O O Me Structure, Properties, and Preparation Of Boronic Acid Derivatives Figure 1.3 Representations of the X-ray crystallographic structure of phenylboronic acid (A) ORTEP view of a dimeric ... OMe 41 42 1.2 Structure and Properties of Boronic Acid Derivatives polyols, by Kuivila and co-workers, described the preparation of several esters of phenylboronic acid by reaction of the latter, ... example, the pKa of PhB(OH)2 decreases 21 22 Structure, Properties, and Preparation Of Boronic Acid Derivatives from 8.8 to 6.8 and 4.5 upon formation of cyclic esters with glucose and fructose,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:53

... this book we give an overview of the various areas of software visualization, the art and science of generating visual representations of various aspects of software and its development process ... aspects of software discussed in Chaps 3, and 5: structure, behavior and evolution Each of these three chapters discusses the visualization of one of these aspects at various levels of abstraction, ... represent the development history of a software system in order to explore changes of software metrics and structure, as well as the changes of dependencies of software artifacts over time Chapter...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 21:10

... The mechanisms of action of the antibacterial agents to be discussed in this section are summarized in Table 127-1 and are depicted in Fig 127-1 Table 127-1 Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance ... for the class Figure 127-1 Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antibacterial agents Black lines trace the routes of drug interaction wit h bacterial cells, from entry to target site The ... Classes of Antibacterial Agents Let ter Antibacterial for Agenta Mechani Major or Cellular sm of Action Mechanisms Target Fig 127-1 A Maj of Resistance β-Lactams (penicillins cephalosporins) Cell and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... any stage of the synthesis, export, assembly, or cross-linking of peptidoglycan lead to inhibition of bacterial cell growth and, in most cases, to cell death Peptidoglycan is composed of (1) a ... course of cell growth In the presence of antibacterial agents that inhibit cell-wall growth, autolysis proceeds without normal cell-wall repair; weakness and eventual cellular lysis occur Antibacterial ... of (1) a backbone of two alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) a chain of four amino acids that extends down from the backbone (stem peptides); and (3) a peptide...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... thymidine, all purines, and several amino acids Inhibition of folate synthesis leads to cessation of bacterial cell growth and, in some cases, to bacterial cell death The principal antibacterial antimetabolites ... synthetase by competing with bacterial isoleucine for its binding site on the enzyme and depleting cellular stores of isoleucine-charged tRNA Inhibition of Bacterial Metabolism The antimetabolites ... blocks the initiation of protein synthesis Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and glycylcyclines (tigecycline) consist of four aromatic rings...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... including nalidixic acid and its fluorinated derivatives (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), are synthetic compounds that inhibit the activity of the A subunit of the bacterial enzyme DNA ... the action of antimicrobial agents are inactivation of the compound, alteration or overproduction of the antibacterial target through mutation of the target protein's gene, acquisition of a new ... DNA gyrase and topoisomerases are responsible for negative supercoiling of DNA—an essential conformation for DNA replication in the intact cell Inhibition of the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides The most prevalent mechanism of resistance to trimethoprim and the sulfonamides in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is the acquisition of plasmid-encoded ... efflux of macrolides, and staphylococci can cause the efflux of macrolides, clindamycin, and streptogramin A Ketolides such as telithromycin retain activity against most isolates of Streptococcus ... dihydrofolate reductase for trimethoprim and an altered dihydropteroate synthetase for sulfonamides Quinolones The most common mechanism of resistance to quinolones is the development of one...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... pharmacokinetic profile of an antibacterial agent refers to concentrations in serum and tissue versus time and reflects the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Important ... virtue of the acquisition of new genes include hospital-associated strains of gram-negative bacteria, enterococci, and staphylococci and community-acquired strains of salmonellae, gonococci, and ... porins and efflux proteins of gram-negative bacteria These mutations decrease bacterial intracellular and periplasmic accumulation of βlactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20

... chloramphenicol, rifampin, TMP-SMX, and quinolones penetrate cells well Metabolism and Elimination Like other drugs, antibacterial agents are disposed of by hepatic elimination (metabolism or biliary elimination), ... elimination), by renal excretion of the unchanged or metabolized form, or by a combination of the two processes For most of the antibacterial drugs, metabolism leads to loss of in vitro activity, although ... rifampin, and clarithromycin, have bioactive metabolites that may contribute to their overall efficacy The most practical application of information on the mode of excretion of an antibacterial...

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2014, 02:20