statistics for environmental science and management

... 194 4Statistics for environmental science and management / by Bryan p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN l-58488-029-5 (alk paper) Environmental sciences - Statistical methods Environmental ... Zealand has influenced the contents because we have shared the teaching of several short courses on statistics for environmental scientists and managers Likewise, sharing a course on statistics for ... introduce environmental scientists and managers to the statistical methods that will be useful for them in their work A secondary aim was to produce a text suitable for a course in statistics for graduate...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... six observations that formed the strata before This produces an estimated standard deviation of sL = 5704.8 for small-scale sampling errors, and an ^ estimated standard error for the mean in the ... Island of New Zealand © 2001 by Chapman & Hall/CRC Table 2.4 The results of stratified random sampling for estimating the density of bracken along a transect in the South Island of New Zealand ... both sampling and non-sampling errors is important for all studies using appropriate protocols and procedures for establishing data quality objectives (DQO) and quality control and assurance...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... (3.25) and against the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations for lakes, and (b) standardized residuals for log(chlorophyll-a) plotted against the fitted value, log(phosphorus), and log(nitrogen) for ... "(1) for observations in 1989/90, "(fi) = "(2) for observations in 1990/91, and so on up to "(fi) = "(6) for observations in 1994/95; X i1 is for North Taranaki and for South Taranaki; X i2 is for ... variance table for a three factor model with fixed effects, and with I levels for factor A, J levels for factor B, K levels for factor C, m observations for each combination of factor levels, and n =...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... from randomized data See Manly (1994) and Manly and MacKenzie (2000) for more details about how these tests are made Figure 5.8 Example of a randomization envelope obtained for a CUSUM plot For ... monitoring period © 2001 by Chapman & Hall/CRC Table 5.6 Values for pH for five randomly selected rivers in the South Island of New Zealand, for each month from January 1989 to December 1997 This is ... chart See MacNally and Hart (1997) for an environmental application Setting control limits for CUSUM charts is more complicated than it is for an x chart (Montgomery, 1991), and the details will...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... were observed for three days before the impact, for three days during the impact (1080 pellets), and for three days after the impact was removed The study carried out by Sherley and Wakelin involved ... the poison and control sites for the 13 trials, for each day of the trials The heavy line is the mean difference for all trials Poison pellets were used at the treated site for days 4, and Figure ... before the impact as a random sample of size 4, and the differences after the impact as a random sample of size 2, the change in the mean difference -0.150 - (-0.138) = -0.012 can be tested for...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... damaged site and the reference site, and the estimated standard error of this difference SE(÷) = sp%(1/n1 + 1/n2) where n1 is the sample size for the damaged site and n is the sample size for the ... hypothesis and the equivalence of the mined and control site can be accepted Table 7.2 Testing for bioequivalence using the vegetation density on eight paired plots from an undamaged control site and ... Schuirmann (1987) and Westlake (1988) Assuming normally distributed data, with equal variances for the potentially damaged site and the reference site, this proceeds as follows for a 5% level of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... of non-randomness Finally, the observed number of runs up and down is R = 49 From equations (8.10) and (8.11) the mean and standard deviation of R for a random series are µ R = 54.3 and FR = ... xj), i=2 j=1 (8.14) where sign(z) is -1 for z < 0, for z = 0, and +1 for z > For a series of values in a random order the expected value of S is zero and the variance is Var(S) = n(n - 1)(2n ... temperature in year t, taking t = for 1900 and t = 82 for 1981, and ,t is a random deviation from the value given by the polynomial for the year t Trying linear, quadratic, cubic and quartic models gives...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... The estimated mean and standard deviation for the log-transformed data are therefore -0.83 and 1.75, respectively To produce estimates of the corresponding mean and variance for the original distribution ... bootstrap methods for testing for a significant mean difference between the upstream and downstream samples, and for finding confidence intervals for the mean difference between downstream and upstream ... Methods for handling censored data for the estimation of the mean and standard deviation from a single sample include (a) the simple substitution of zero, DL, DL/2 or a random value between zero and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... recalculation of the spreadsheet then produced new random values for IR and BW, and consequently for dose and ICR, to simulate the situation for a random individual from the population at risk The ... recalculation of the spreadsheet yields new random values for the input variables, and consequently new random values for the output variables What @Risk and Crystal Ball is to allow the recalculation ... 0.1951 11.4 Further Information A good starting point for more information is the Risk Assessment Forum home page (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2000) For examples of a range...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... 5.4 Baumol and Oates - the Acceptability Standard further Developed Emission Charges Baumol and Oates further developed the environmental charges and standards approach in The Theory of Environmental ... therefore be paid by the consumers and would form a revenue source for the government, but form no incentive for the firms to clean up their act At the same time, though, the optimal output for ... McGee, Robert W and Block, Walter E (1994), ‘Pollution Trading Permits as a Form of Market Socialism and the Search for a Real Market Solution to Environmental Pollution’, 6(1) Fordham Environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:44

... scientists and engineers have adapted their knowledge of manufacturing process chemistry and engineering to the sciences of geology and hydrogeology and have refined the necessary equipment and techniques ... necessary standards for waste control and management In addition, ponds must be permitted under RCRA, which imposes additional financial and operating requirements on the waste concentrator Double and ... landfills are not acceptable or available, costs for landfilling are becoming extremely high, and regulatory guidance is available Equipment for incineration of industrial products has been, and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... Group, LLC 527 Standard Industrial Classification 20 is for Food and Kindred Products; 202 for Dairy Products; and 2021, 2022 and 2023 for Creamery Butter, Cheese, and Condensed and Evaporated ... Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, New York, Second Edition, 1983, pp 560–582 15 U.S Environmental Protection Agency, “Handbook for Monitoring ... program The basic references for wastewater analytical procedures and techniques are EPA publications, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, and ASTM Standards.17–20 The analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... problems for those responsible for the radiation safety of the staff On the other hand, material sent for waste disposal would be no problem, partly because heavy water is recovered for economic ... from the reactor, and storage for sufficient time for decay of short-lived fission products, the fuel is de-sheathed and dissolved, usually in strong nitric acid (Figure 2).Uranium and plutonium ... terms of thousands of years Few private firms go back for 100 years, political regimes have seldom lasted for as long as 500 years, and there are few civilizations that have survived for 2000 years...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... assistance to states and regions developing and encouraging environmental sound disposal of solid waste and the maximum utilization of resources It calls for state and regional plans and for federal assistance ... from drugs and soups to paints and varnishes, and explosives) Manufacture of paving and roofing materials Furniture, metal Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and related ... Manufacture of motor vehicles, truck and bus bodies, motor vehicle parts and accessories, aircraft and parts, ship and boat building and repairing, motorcycles and bicycles and parts, etc Manufacture of...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... lagoons and ponds, and wetlands The lagoons and ponds depend on microbial life, and lower plants and animals, while wetlands support the growth of rooted plants Both pond systems and wetlands are ... REFERENCES Mitsch, W.J and J.G Gosselink, Wetlands, Van Nostrand and Reinhold Company, New York, 1993 Reed, S.C., E.J Middlebrooks, and R.W Crites, Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment, ... wetland plants to translocate oxygen to support a wide range of bacteria in the wetlands is shown in Figure Wetlands can be of two types: natural wetlands and constructed wetlands Both natural and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... PLANNING FOR NEW PROCESSES: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Land and Waterway Use The purpose of the land and waterway use—demographics effort is to: 1) determine the existing land use of the site and existing ... existing land uses, and the analysis performed by other disciplines such as terrestrial and aquatic ecology and air quality, impacts upon adjacent land uses caused by construction and operation ... site and its surrounding environs These data and information are analyzed and evaluated in recognition of the proposed facility’s operation and construction related characteristics to determine and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... natural systems are also used for wastewater treatment from small establishments and sub-divisions Among these are land treatment, and natural and constructed wetland Information on natural system ... US Navy, US Air Force, and US Army in developing suitable systems for use in Greenland, Alaska and most recently in the Antarctic.29 Prime requirements for a system suitable for installation ... Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio, (September 1988) U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Wastewater...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20

... Engineering and Science, New York University, 1970 MacInnis, C and J R Pfafflin, Municipal wastewater, The Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2, 4th Ed., Gordon and Breach Science ... METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Hoel, P G., Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1962 Institute of Hydrology, Flood Estimation Handbook, Wallingford, ... METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE In situations where a two-way categorization of the data exists, the expected values may be estimated from the marginals For example, the formula for chi-square for...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 20:20