standards calibration and testing of pv modules and solar cells

... photoluminescence for Si QDs of various sizes in SiO2 matrix [1] solar cells As this would be close to the Voc record [8] of single-junction mono-crystalline silicon solar cells, in a thin film solar cell it ... small as Rsh of the cell is in the order of MX.cm2 The short circuit current increases by a factor of three due to the decrease of Rs Contact and Sheet Resistances To identify the origin of the large ... (250, 300 and 350°C) The duration of each annealing step was 20 Dark and illuminated (1-sun) I–V data were measured before and after each annealing step The dark currents in Figs 5b and 6a are...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 07:20

... combination of the `band-like' transport characterized by drift and di usion of charge carriers in the region of higher density of states, and the 'hopping' of carriers through localized band tails and ... the performance and stability of organic solar cells, further research and development are needed in the theoretical understanding of device physics, the design and synthesis of new materials, ... potential of providing low-cost, large-area solar cells However, organic solar cells still su er from signi cantly lower e ciencies than their silicon-based counterparts, and the understanding of their...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:20

... about half of the crystalline silicon solar cells Table 1.2 Comparison of various types of solar cells and their challenges[4, 30] acells with active area of at least cm2 Efficiency (%) Solar Cell ... Research and Applications, 2005 13(2): p 141-148 60 Krebs, F.C., Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, ... cells on polymer foils Journal of Applied Physics, 2005 97(8): p 084903-5 55 Kessler, F and D Rudmann, Technological aspects of flexible CIGS solar cells and modules Solar Energy, 2004 77(6): p...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:11

... a Page of graphic representation of a part of the calibration table for the lifetime are shown in Figures and Furthermore, μPLS can be utilized to measure the bandgap energy Since the bandgap ... by μRS and μPLS, (2) of the doping density by μRS and μPLS, and (3) of stress with both methods μRS has the advantage of a higher spatial resolution (about 0.5 μm compared to 0.8 μm) and is not ... extraction of the bandgap energy and thus of the doping density and the stress from PL measurements difficult μPLS has the advantages to be able to measure both nand p-type doping and exhibits...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... solar cells and modules is designed, constructed, and thoroughly tested 1.2 Aim of the project and thesis The main objective of the T-Sunalyzer is to measure and analyze I-V characteristics of ... characterization parameters and I-V measurement methods for solar cells /modules _ I-V characterization of Solar cells 2.1.1 Equivalent circuit and characteristic equation of a solar cell The electrically ... and contamination of the junction is largest at the perimeter of the cells, and these effects should be considered 2.2 I-V measurement methods for solar cells Solar cells and modules are developed...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2015, 15:45

... solar cells and modules is designed, constructed, and thoroughly tested 1.2 Aim of the project and thesis The main objective of the T-Sunalyzer is to measure and analyze I-V characteristics of ... characterization parameters and I-V measurement methods for solar cells /modules _ I-V characterization of Solar cells 2.1.1 Equivalent circuit and characteristic equation of a solar cell The electrically ... and contamination of the junction is largest at the perimeter of the cells, and these effects should be considered 2.2 I-V measurement methods for solar cells Solar cells and modules are developed...

Ngày tải lên: 13/10/2015, 15:57

... Performance Testing of Permanent Links and Channels Testing of telecommunications Permanent Links and Channels to determine performance compliance to Class D (using Cat components) and Class E ... 11801 performance standards If the default North American (TIA) Cat5E performance standards are selected, then not all the required testing and calculations may be done (Eg Cat5e standard does not ... for PL testing of HighBand8 modules if PL testing is selected on tester N2604A-101 is the Universal Link Probe/Adaptor OMNISCANNER AND KRONE C6 KM8 RJ45 Socket KRONE C5 RJ45 Socket Class D and lower...

Ngày tải lên: 27/10/2013, 17:15

... Performance Testing of Permanent Links and Channels There are distinct areas of cable testing; Certification, Qualification and Verification Certification is the most rigorous of all cable testing and ... PL testing of HighBand8 modules if PL testing is selected on tester N2604A-101 is the Universal Link Probe/Adaptor OMNISCANNER AND C6 FMK & KM8 RJ45 Socket C5 RJ45 Socket HIGHBAND and Ultim8 Modules ... performance standards Field Performance Testing V15 060508 Page of 11 If the default North American (TIA) Cat5E performance standards are selected, then not all the required testing and calculations...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 12:15

... our understanding of the aquatic environment and its response to disturbances The book as a whole promotes the understanding of the structure, function, and performance of healthy and damaged ... Overview of methods for processing and integration of data, risk communication, and risk perception • Use of information from biological testing in decision- and policymaking • Selected and simple ... chemistry: effects of sampling, storage, handling and toxicity testing R.S Carr and M Nipper eds Summary of a SETAC technical workshop: Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical and Ecological...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:21

... Procedure for parameter calibration and verification Shamsudin and Hashim [9] described the effects of these parameters on the total runoff volume and on the peak of the runoff Their conclusions ... runoff decreased Runoff volume increased Peak runoff decreased Runoff volume reduced Peak runoff decreased The triangular shape expand horizontally Base flow decreased Peak runoff decreased Runoff ... simulated and observed basin runoff volume; (2) a good overall agreement of the shape of the hydrograph; (3) a good agreement of the peak flow with respect to timing, rate and volume; and (4) a...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 12:20

... makes reference to and is in coherence with the 2004/23/EC directive on donation, procurement and testing of human cells and tissues and with directive 2002/98/EC on human blood and blood components ... ml of 5% v/v human albumin One ml was collected for migration and invasion assay and endotoxin testing For the sterility testing, peripheral blood mononucleated cells were obtained from 50 ml of ... Phenotypical analysis of whole bone marrow cells and after density gradient centrifugation (bone marrow selected cells) (n = 4) Phenotypical analysis of whole bone marrow cells and after density...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... impaired hand to partake in activities of daily living However, these devices vary widely in terms of actuated degrees -of- freedom (DOFs), range of motion and design philosophy One class of devices ... the geartrain, and all of Schabowsky et al Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2010, 7:36 http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/7/1/36 Page of 16 Figure Pictures of a hand in HEXORR ... shoulder retraction and extension For each subject, the linkages of the exoskeleton were adjusted to fit the size of the hand The hand was strapped to the device and subjects performed hand movements...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... signals were band-pass filtered with a 5th order Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency range of 5-100 Hz The low cut-off attenuates the effects of movement [30], while the high cut-off attenuates ... Alves and Chau Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2010, 7:22 http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/7/1/22 Page of 10 Figure Signal denoising The microphone signal and RMS values of the ... data, and drafted the manuscript TC conceived the study, advised on the design and coordination of the experiments, and edited the manuscript All authors read and approved the final version of the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... the Instron™ tensile testing instrument, courtesy of the University of Bath, England, showed that the stress-strain profile of the unadulterated PU foam sample and that of the PPy-coated PU foams ... durable and washable over an indefinite period of time In a garment-integrated context, washability of components is important to the preservation of normal user patterns of care and maintenance of ... variety of body shapes and sizes would be hard to predict Similar issues would arise with sizing, fit, and sensor locations on the foot Because of the increased number of sensors and precision of...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Chapter Two: NCATE Standards Development of NCATE Standards How the Standards Are Applied Introduction to NCATE’s Standards NCATE Unit Standards ... accreditation and licensing systems; draft standards for professional development schools; and NCATE’s elementary standards project NCATE’s Standards Committee heard from a wide range of educators and ... NCATE standards are the basis for the assessment of the unit conducted by the Board of Examiners team The standards are divided into two sections, candidate performance (Standards and 2) and unit...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 08:20

... Practice C 305 13.2.4 The sand shall be a blend of equal parts by weight of graded Ottawa sand and standard 20–30 Ottawa sand The fineness of graded Ottawa sand and standard 20–30 sand may be checked ... of hydrated lime, g, weight of blended Ottawa sand, g, water used, mL, specific gravity of portland cement, specific gravity of hydrated lime, specific gravity of blended Ottawa sand, volume % of ... readings 15.6.2 The reflectometer must first be standardized; this consists of standardization of the bottom of the scale and standardization of the upper part of the scale 15.6.3 Sample pellets should...

Ngày tải lên: 10/07/2014, 23:20

... Fig It shall be between 1.5 and 1.8 m (5 and ft) long and approximately 35 mm (13⁄8 in.) in outside diameter and consist of two polished Kinds and Size of Samples and by Whom Taken 5.1 A cement ... rate) for that requirement, and if on completion of the NOTE 5—Examples of the calculation of r, d, and quality history and ¯ control charts are shown in Table and Fig and Fig The specification limits ... Preparation of Sample Amount of Testing 9.1 General—When required, the purchaser shall specify the amount of testing for heat of hydration (Test Method C 186), alkali reactivity (Test Method C 227), and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/07/2014, 23:20

... weight of standard sand (see 5.2) Mix dry a 100-g sample of the gypsum neat plaster and 300 g of the sand, and then add sufficient water to produce a normal consistency For the quantity of water ... consistency of gypsum concrete have not been determined Weight of plunger Diameter of larger end of plunger Diameter of needle Inside diameter of ring at bottom Inside diameter of ring at top Height of ... rod and plunger to bring the total weight to 50 g for these determinations 8.3.5 Mix gypsum neat plaster with standard sand (see 5.2) in the ratio of 200 g of sand to 100 g of plaster before testing...

Ngày tải lên: 10/07/2014, 23:20

... understanding of the experience of receiving radiation therapy and identified through interviews with 15 radiation therapy patients that patients required information about the cost of treatment and ... such an assessment Limits of agreement were included in the analysis as Bland and Altman [24] argued that 95% limits of agreement provide a more comprehensive understanding of whether the data collected ... between 0.30 and 0.70 This result exceeds the pre-specified criteria of over 50% inter-item correlation between 0.30 and 0.70 [21] Items (impact of treatment on life) and (impact of treatment...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:21