solar cells research and application perspectives

... where x1, x2 and x3 are input quanti‐ ties, u ( x1), u ( x2) and u ( x3) are their respective uncertainties and y and u ( y ) are the measurand and its uncertainty, re‐ spectively; and b) propagation ... facilitate research and new applications of MCS Having a background in industrial engineering and operations research, I found it useful to see the different usages of MCS in other fields Methods and ... of (3) and (4), and the highest of (5) and (6), i.e it is the worst fit The types of distributions worth using are mostly the lognormal distribu‐ tion (having the lowest AIC and BIC), and the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 12:20

... is accepted If ΔE > 0, a random number between and is generated and the attempted reorientation is accepted if this random number is smaller than the probability p, and otherwise, the old orientation ... (a) and (b) The susceptibility of (a) diverges around temperature kBT=1.0 and the magnetic property shows ferro-magnetism The direction of the 546 Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and ... [100] and [110] directions for the cylindrical cluster using H1=HJ+HD+HA_macro+HB including the macroscopic anisotropy and H2=HJ+HD+HA_micro+HB 548 Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... Carlo simulation and applications is growing exponentially The utilization of Monte Carlo methods, simulations and applications, is found in widely disparate fields and areas of application such ... efficiency is reduced Every application demands a different trade-off between efficiency and spatial resolution The generation, absorption and propagation of visible light in media and on material borders ... tweezers related research and applications Since optical tweezers has broad applications in colloidal sciences, biophysics, nanotechnology etc., Monte Carlo simulation will find its applications in...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... probability and statistics and see how these are used in thermodynamics in order to deeply understand natural and engineered phenomena? What are the likelihood, chances, and probabilities in nature? Applications ... particles, on membrane surfaces by Kim and Hoek (2002) and Chen et al (2005), and a comprehensive review can be found elsewhere (Chen and Kim, 2006) Concluding remarks and perspectives With more than a ... M Laso, and U Suter Simulation of polyethylene above and below the melting point J Chem Phys., 96(3):2395–2403, 1992 D Earl and M Deem Parallel tempering: Theory, applications, and new perspectives...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... time and coherence bandwidths Then, by using time and frequency interpolation, the impulse response and frequency response of the channel can be calculated Figure 2.7 Pilot positioning in time and ... With Wireless Applications Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri Simulation of Communication Systems, 2nd Edition: Methodology, Modeling, and Techniques Michel C Jeruchim, Philip Balaban, and K Sam ... elsewhere The book concludes with descriptions of three very important and diverse applications of OFDM that have been standardized and are now being deployed ADSL provides access to digital services...

Ngày tải lên: 02/03/2013, 16:58

... time and coherence bandwidths Then, by using time and frequency interpolation, the impulse response and frequency response of the channel can be calculated Figure 2.7 Pilot positioning in time and ... With Wireless Applications Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri Simulation of Communication Systems, 2nd Edition: Methodology, Modeling, and Techniques Michel C Jeruchim, Philip Balaban, and K Sam ... elsewhere The book concludes with descriptions of three very important and diverse applications of OFDM that have been standardized and are now being deployed ADSL provides access to digital services...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 15:20

... (Chapters and 9) Part 4: Advanced CT Imaging and Analysis (Chapters 10 to 14) Part 5: CT Imaging and Analysis for Non-Medical Applications (Chapters 15 and 16) Parts to are devoted to theories and applications ... pre-processing stages, detection of candidates and classification Nodule candidates were found by through multiple thresholding and, next, using shape and density attributes and discriminant linear analysis, ... continuously been used for many applications, especially in medical fields This book discloses recent advances and new ideas in theories and applications of CT imaging and its analysis The book contains...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 06:20

... Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA Wideband Wireless Communications Henrik Schulze and Christian Luders ¨ Both of Fachhochschule ... and vice versa For strictly band-limited baseband signals, Equation (1.40) states the following equivalence between baseband and passband transmission: we consider the detector for the baseband ... x(t) and y(t) as √ (1.37) x(t) = cos (2πf0 t) [ (t) ∗ x(t)] ˜ and √ y(t) = − sin (2πf0 t) ˜ (t) ∗ y(t) (1.38) We write x(t) = I {x(t)} and y(t) = Q{y(t)} or, shorthand, x = I x and y = Qy and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... are random variables that are statistically independent and identically distributed for different values of k To be more specific, the random phase θk is assumed to be independent of νk and τk and ... error probability as two-dimensional and introduce polar coordinates AWGN is a Gaussian random variable with mean zero and variance σ = The probability that the random variable exceeds a positive ... sine wave will not be present in the passband signal Since, in general, every passband signal of a certain bandwidth may have both components, 50% of the bandwidth resources remain unused A simple...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... length, but it is not necessary, and the length is not determined by the code Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Henrik Schulze and Christian L¨ ders u 94 CHANNEL ... E {S} = L , where again we have used the shorthand notation L = L(S = +1) Now let S1 and S2 be two independent random signs and define S = S1 · S2 and write L1 , L2 , L for the corresponding LLRs ... rate Rc and Hamming distance dH Assume ˆ that s corresponds to a code word c and the receiver decides for a code word c corresponding ˆ ˆ to the signal vector s, and the code words c and c have...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... corresponding to DC in the complex baseband and to the center frequency fc in the passband, with negative k for the lower sideband and positive k for the upper sideband For reasons of symmetry, we may ... matched to the channel and parallelize the given data stream in an appropriate way Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Henrik Schulze and Christian L¨ ders u ... communication can be found in (Massey 1992) and (McEliece and Swanson 2001) A concatenated coding scheme with an inner convolutional code and an outer RS code has been standardized for deep space communications...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... this field (see (Banelli and Baruffa 2001; D’Andrea et al 1996) and references therein) 4.3 Synchronization and Channel Estimation Aspects for OFDM Systems 4.3.1 Time and frequency synchronization ... intuitively clear and it can easily be visualized by ∗ means of the vector space structure of random variables Then E el xm is the scalar product of the random variables (vectors) el and xm , and E{|el ... Europe and in Canada It uses Band III (174–240 MHz) and L-band (1452–1492 MHz) frequencies In many European regions, the TV channel 12 (223–230 MHz) has been allocated for DAB For f0 = 225 MHz and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... most likely error event are spread randomly over the time Tframe and the bandwidth B Thus, the diversity branch spectrum is a random vector To eliminate this randomness, we average over an ensemble ... digital video broadcasting system DVB-T and the wireless LAN standards IEEE 802.11a and HIPERLAN/2 Coding and modulation are closely connected in such systems and they must be carefully fitted together ... to = 2δ and = δ, both with equal probability ˆ If the bit under consideration is the LSB, = δ for ID and EX and any value of the MSB It follows that = δ with probability 3/4 (ID and EX) and = 3δ...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... Depending on the country and the frequency band (VHF or UHF band), there exist TV channels of MHz, MHz and MHz nominal bandwidth The DVB-T system can match the signal bandwidth to these three ... 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g standard released by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1999 and in 2003, respectively While HIPERLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11a operate in the GHz band, ... parameters for OFDM, modulation and channel coding The corresponding IEEE 802.11a standard (IEEE 802.11a 1999) and HIPERLAN/2 standard (EN101475 2001) were released in 1999 and 2000, respectively The...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... power CDMA 291 Ir /S as a Gaussian random variable with a mean value n · q and standard deviation √ of n · σI , where q and σI are the mean value and the standard deviation of the interference ... and the Eb /N0 (assuming a high bandwidth and spreading factor) Keeping the bandwidth at a constant value and introducing channel coding reduces the effective spreading factor On the other hand, ... additional small sized cells called microcells may be implanted into an existing network of macrocells While the high-power macrocells accomplish the overall coverage, the low power microcells are installed...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... broadcast channel Handover Within UTRA FDD, two main types of handover are specified: • a soft handover between cells using the same frequency carriers; • a hard handover between cells using different ... phase (random access) and the transmission of short packets, an openloop PC has been defined Furthermore, special rules are specified for the slotted mode and the soft handover For a soft handover, ... Hermitian We assume that the matrices R and C −1 −1 are regular, and multiply from the right-hand side by R−1 C† C and obtain A ES R + N0 CC† −1 = ES C−1 and, finally, A = ES C−1 ES R + N0 C† C...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... about 824–849 MHz in UL and 869–894 MHz in DL direction8 ; • the PCS band at about 1850–1910 MHz in UL and 1930–1990 MHz in DL direction These bands are divided into subbands and have to be shared ... L 2001 Reed–Solomon codes and the exploration of the solar system In: (Wicker and Bhargava 2001) Reed-Solomon Codes and Their Applications Wiley Milstein LB 2000 Wideband code division multiple ... low and medium rate services where only a part of the time slot is needed for data transmission and reception Hence, though no soft handover is applied and no signals are combined, the hard handover...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 19:22

... current research ideas and applications, providing an insight into the current research trends and advances in the field of stereo vision The book presents wide range of innovative research ideas and ... reported and published on the vast research spectrum, including novel mathematical ideas, new theoretical aspects, state of the art techniques and diverse range of applications These reported ideas and ... Sergio Taraglio and Stefano Chiesa Chapter Impact of Wavelets and Multiwavelets Bases on Stereo Correspondence Estimation Problem Asim Bhatti and Saeid Nahavandi 17 Chapter Markov Random Fields...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:22

... desired outcome Let Ξnr and Ξnr be ´ the reference corresponding coefficients and Ξnc and Ξnc be the corresponding candidate 12 28 Stereo Vision Advances in Theory and Applications of Stereo Vision ... (4) and (5) define that scaling and wavelet functions can be represented by the combination of scaled and translated version of the scaling function Where ch and wh represents the scaling and ... (sections (3.1) and (4.2)) Consequently producing expanded search space to establish and authenticate coefficient correspondences In general, multiplicity and orthogonality Impact of Wavelets and Multiwavelets...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:22