size structure organization and complexity of genomes

... the 3D structures, IPP condensation kinetics and mechanism of trans-IPPS and cis-IPPS for the production of linear polyprenyl pyrophosphates, and the reaction mechanism and structures of protein ... two a helices (a2 and a3) and four b strands (bB, bA, bD, and bC) as shown in Fig 5A In contrast with the symmetric structure of M luteus UPPS, two protein conformations (open and closed forms) ... proposed from analysis of the crystal structure of pentalenene synthase, which catalyzes cyclization of FPP initiated by the cleavage of its pyrophosphate moiety and formation of a carbocation intermediate...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 22:20

... things (herpes and HIV in humans, for example) Viruses are found everywhere Viruses consist of a core of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and a protective coat of protein molecules and sometimes ... Viruses The Boundary of Life At the boundary of life, between the macromolecules (which are not alive) and the prokaryotic cells (which are), lie the viruses and bacteriophages (phages) ... sometimes lipids In isolation, viruses and bacteriophages show none of the expected signs of life They not respond to stimuli, they not grow, they not any of the things we normally associate with...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 13:08

... chain of this residue forming hydrogen bonds with oxygens of the 3-phosphate; NH1 and NH2 of Arg105 form hydrogen bonds with the 4-OH and 5-OH of the inositol moiety; and the aromatic ring of Tyr59 ... compilation ª 2008 FEBS 3265 Structure, regulation and evolution of Nox H Sumimoto Fig 17 Domain structures of p67phox and its related proteins The total number of amino acid residues of each protein is ... of p67phox, and oxidase activation [181] The crystal structures of the p67phox– PB1 and p40phox–PB1 complexes [187] demonstrate that Lys355 of p67phox forms direct bonds with Asp289, Glu291 and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... repeat and relative expression of the HD gene We then determined the structure of the mouse CB1 gene and determined that transcription of the CB1 gene was affected in striatal neurons of transgenic ... CB1 promoter, we determined the sequence and structure of the 5¢-end of cDNAs corresponding to full-length mature CB1 mRNA and deduced the structure of the CB1 gene by comparing the cDNA sequences ... (C and D) are shown For each series of protection reactions, 10 pg of undigested probe control (P) and a no target control that consists of 400 pg of probe combined with excess yeast RNA and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 18:20

... demands are imposed on the sensitivity and selectivity of the methodology, which should provide molecular structure and dynamics information In this article, we present the potential of Raman and ... the physiological processes of cytochrome c Methodology Raman and IR spectroscopy are molecular structuresensitive techniques, as the frequencies and band intensities of vibrational transitions ... spectroscopy: since the electronic transitions of most of the protein cofactors (e.g haem) of proteins are at shorter wavelengths, the combination of molecular RR and the surface-enhanced Raman effect...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:20

... terms of establishing hypotheses and providing proof of concept and statistical evidence for many of them Over the next few years, it will become essential to investigate more of the details of ... sequence, and this controls the topology of the final structures and is related to the direction of the G-rich strands making up the core Loops may link positions on the top (or bottom) of the stacks, ... (with two strands running in each direction and either lateral or diagonal loops) [13] or a mixed ‘3 + 1’ hybrid, with three strands in one direction and one in the other, and a mixture of loop types...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 03:20

... details of a finite automaton We define the code complexity as the size of the abstract syntax tree of the source code This size is given as the number of nodes in the syntax tree; for instance, n • size( f ... just the concrete cost The complexity of a paradigm system is defined as the size of its code in a given coding system, following the idea of Kolmogorov complexity (Solomonoff, 1964) The notion assumes ... that code size measured in this way is in average 20% of the size of source files in bytes Thus a source file of kB has the code complexity around 200 on the average Notice that code complexity...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... The sequences of the upper strand of the normal and the corresponding mutant oligonucleotides are listed in Table The probes were prepared by annealing the upper and lower strands of oligonucleotides, ... genomic structure of TfSTAT5, the full-length cDNA was synthesized by PCR amplification using first-strand cDNA prepared from T fluviatilis gill and specific primers designed from the results of 5 and ... The sizes of the introns varied considerably, ranging from 79 bp (intron 6) to Ó FEBS 2003 Expression and characterization of pufferfish STAT5 (Eur J Biochem 270) 243 Fig Genomic organization of...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

... analysis of probability to obtain financial and organizational support from the state authorities Utility of business associations and their contribution to the establishment of standards and rules of ... analysis of the corporate-form choice model Descriptive statistics on board size and number of directors by their attributes of 730 surveyed firms International comparison of board size and proportion ... impacts of business integration via the formation of holding companies and other types of business groups upon corporate governance and firm performance of affiliated firms; and (c) the role and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... by studies of economic transition and company behavior in transition economies, with the participation of leading economists of the world, including Andrei Shleifer, Gerard Roland, and Josef Stiglitz ... were related to the compilation and approval of five-year plans and implementation of investment projects came within the competence of higher levels of government); and (c) managers were involved ... planned target volumes and resources allocated to the enterprise and with suppliers and customers on product mix and other terms of supply This pattern of behavior was typical of enterprises in all...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... in lack of capacity, lower wages and profitability, and a higher risk of loss Moreover, the authors produced evidence (in a small sample of companies) of the positive role of the size of shareholding ... loans, and funds of Russian partners and other private investors A comparison of ownership structures and intensity of corporate restructuring performed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis as part of ... PM 42 Organization and Development of Russian Business Less than 25% of shares 13% More than 50% of shares + absence of a counterbalance 48% From 25% to 50% of shares 18% More than 50% of shares...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... indicators of performance and intensity of restructuring At the average level of concentration, these companies would clearly take the lead in terms of better performance and the introduction of new ... free of charge and the shares of state-owned and municipal enterprises On the other hand, in consideration of the fact that managers are still the dominant shareholders in many Russian firms and ... (GROAFF), both of which reflect the characteristics of the company’s group membership The organizational size of the business group is represented by the natural logarithm of the total number of its...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... choice of organizational form in gasoline retailing and the cost of laws that limit that choice, Journal of Law and Economics, 44: 511–524 Brickley, J A & Dark, F H (1987) The choice of organizational ... size and number of directors by their attributes of 730 surveyed firms Board size Insider directors Managers Representatives of employees and labor unions Outsider directors Representatives of ... open-end: The choice of organizational form, Journal of Corporate Finance, 8: 1–27 Denning, K & Shastri, K (1993) Changes in organizational structure and shareholder wealth: The case of limited partnership,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... Determinants of the size and structure of corporate boards: 1935–2000 Unpublished working paper, University of Pittsburgh Li, J (1994) Ownership structure and board composition: A multi-country test of ... The Structure of Corporate Boards 101 Table 4.3 Correlation matrix of board components Board size Board size (number of board directors) Proportion of outsider directorsa Outsideness of chairman ... impact on both the board size and the extent of outsider representation and that the statistical significance of the impact on board size is greater than that on the proportion of outsider directors...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... vote-counting analysis of the impact of different types of owners and changes in ownership structure on CEO turnover Corporate Governance and Managerial Turnover 129 study, only 19.5% of all 113 CEOs ... argue that, because of the national culture of social collectivism, the 70-year-long history of the riskaverse way of life in the Soviet period, and the Continental European nature of corporate law, ... management of that company to offset the loss of the top manager’s firmspecific knowledge and experience This is particularly true of dominant shareholders, mainly Russian oligarchs and business...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... 188 Organization and Development of Russian Business total of 456 of surveyed JSCs, 38% of companies had separate ownership and management compared to less than 28% of independent businesses and ... degree of conventionality, be considered more complex in terms of their organization and production Management complexity can be characterized by the particularities of the organizational structure ... technologies, and certification of production in line with international standards, which are measures of a more profound reform of the business Therefore, we used the existence of (both severe and moderate)...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... by the size of the companies and by the specifics of regulated industries First, the importance of stakeholders and the scale of networking generally increase with the size of the company and the ... impact of BG membership on the performance of subsidiaries, and the analysis will provide evidence in favor of H5 Organization of Russian business groups The ratio of enterprises that are members of ... governance of transactions and not a network of enterprises that are equal partners Moreover, with the course of time, Russian BGs restructured the system of decision-making toward further separation of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... growth rates of sales between 2000 and 2004, rates of wage increase during the same period, rates of increase in the number of employees between 2001 and 2005, and the prevailing economic and financial ... times, and for over times); Rate of increase of employees between 2001–2005 (Ϫ2 for decrease over 20%, Ϫ1 for decrease of 1–19%, for no change, for increase of 1–19%, and for increase of 20% and ... chapter is the result of a study with financial assistance from the Ministry of Education and Science of Japan (Nos 16530149, 17203019, and 17730157) and from the Foundation of Japan Legislation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... 5:38:14 PM 276 Organization and Development of Russian Business Table 11.7 Utility of business associations and their contribution to the establishment of standards and rules of conduct of business, ... found no influence of state and foreign owners of the company or of the availability of large owners with more than a blocking stake Of the basic characteristics of a company, firm size increases ... Significance of differencesa Table 11.1 Characteristics of companies: Members and nonmembers of business associations (percentage of respondents who answered) 264 Organization and Development of Russian...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... Relations and Corporate Governance 287 effect by the results of such measures as toughening of budget constraints and bank lending policies, stronger competition of imports, and introduction of a ... Logarithm of total number of employees Level of economic development of Russian regions according to the classification of the Ministry for Economic Development and Trade in 2004 REGION SIZELN Industry ... stake being in the hands of a single shareholder; the financial conditions of the firm; the presence of foreign shareholders; and the previous job experience of top-managers of surveyed firms in...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20