schmitt s taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies 1997

... learner not only possesses a sense of responsibility for his learning but he/she is also self-conscious of that responsibility Other writers offer more specific definitions than Holec s in that they ... In his view, the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from those processes that are not strategic Although some writers maintain that strategies can be used unconsciously ... then vocabulary- recording strategies came second, and the last position was for affix-studying strategies These findings tie in with the results of Schmitt (1997) s study Schmitt asked a total of...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2015, 14:30

... of these days get out of get out of & gets out of getting out of got out of gotten/got out of Comment [S2 5]: adj (of persons) неумелый, неспособный, нерасторопный; (of organizations, measures ... jeweler showed me several flaws in the diamond What did the jeweler do? The game started late because it was raining What did the rain do? Susie is using scissors to make several small pieces of paper ... believes in the scientist 's theories anymore What haven't the scientist 's theories done? Janice is going to make her pants smaller What is she going to do? Mr Ortega was tricked by the salesman...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 12:20

... started to see invisible people break down p.v When something decomposes or reduces to its smallest parts or is reduced by someone to its smallest parts, it breaks down After the poison breaks down, ... Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense Jerry 's brother-in-law talks to him like he 's an idiot How does Jerry 's brother-in-law ... said, "I've put up with your brother long enough!" screw out of screw out of & screws out of screwing out of screwed out of screwed out of screw out of p.v [informal] When you get money or something...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 12:20

... people use big stones for money 17 FOCUS ON: present and past continuous phrasal verbs Like one-word verbs, phrasal verbs can normally be used in the continuous tense (also called the progressive ... in a dishonest way, you screw them out of it That man screwed me out of my life savings Their sleazy son-in-law screwed them out of thousands of dollars talk down to talk down to & talks down ... Bob hates Jane because of the way she talks down to him EXERCISE 3a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense Thanks for inviting...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 15:20

... end of a word A suffix will often signify how the word is being used and its part of speech Common roots, prefixes, and suffixes are outlined in the following tables Use these tables as references ... progress review, repent retrograde, retroactive substrate, sublimate synthesis, synonym transmit, transfer triumvirate, triad unable, unacceptable ps! Many prefixes have similar or the same meanings, ... nouns, for adjectives, and for verbs They are listed with their meanings here w o rd b a s i c s NOUN ENDINGS SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE -escence state of -ism -ist -ity -ment state or doctrine of...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 17:20

... tasks These auxiliary tasks are sometimes specific to the supervised task, and sometimes general language modeling tasks like “predict the missing word” Suzuki and Isozaki (2008) present a semisupervised ... choose the word class at several levels in the hierarchy, which can compensate for poor clusters of a small number of words One downside of Brown clustering is that it is based solely on bigram statistics, ... supervised tasks We were surprised to find that on both tasks, across Collobert and Weston (2008) and HLBL embeddings of various dimensionality, that all curves had similar shapes and optima This is...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... the learning process is over, a set of WCLs is produced Given a test sentence s, the classification phase for the WCL-1 model consists of determining whether it exists a lattice that matches s In ... initially set to for all a and b The matching score Sa,b is calculated on the generalized sentences sk of sk and sj of sj as follows: Sa,b = Sentence Clustering In the second step, we cluster the sentences ... compare all systems with the random baseline, that classifies a sentence as a defi1 nition with probability Measures To assess the performance of our systems, we calculated the following measures: •...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... most similar by the model Table shows the most similar words to given query words using our model s word representations as well as those of LSA All of these vectors capture broad semantic similarities ... representations that capture both sentiment and semantic relations We demonstrated the utility of such representations on two tasks of sentiment classification, using existing datasets as well as ... introduce a substantially larger dataset, which uses disjoint sets of movies for training and testing These steps minimize the ability of a learner to rely on idiosyncratic word–class associations, thereby...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... two word corpus: cesar (s, iy,z,er), and cesium (s, iy,z,iy,ax,m) Numerous segmentations are possible; each word has 2N −1 possible segmentations, where N is the number of phones in its pronunciation ... hybrid systems for different lexicon size and proposed discriminative hybrid system on OOVCORP data set Evaluation on un-observed OOVs (a) and all OOVs (b) 70 65 60 70 60 55 %Misses %Misses 80 Baseline ... hybrid systems for different lexicon size and proposed discriminative hybrid system on MIT Lectures data set Evaluation on un-observed OOVs (a) and all OOVs (b) 80 70 70 %Misses 90 80 %Misses 90...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... here is that each cluster is considered as a class, and for any two clusters, they not share same class labels At most |C| clusters are assigned sense tags, since there are only |C| classes in ... works by measuring the consistency between cluster structures estimated from disjoint data subsets in selected feature space It is based on the assumption that if selected feature subset is important ... sentences in datasets is 32 words before preprocessing Performance on each dataset was assessed by equation 19 The scores of feature subsets selected by F SGM M and CGD are listed in Table and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 16:20

... n=1 is trivial Induction hypothesis: the theorem holds for any A with length less than n For A of length n, let s be the right most t-split which splits A into S1 and S2 s exists because A is an ... ITG alignment Assume that there exists another t-split s , splitting A into S1 1 and (S1 2 S2 ) Because A is fixed and fully aligned, it is easy to see that if s is a monotone t-split, s could only ... Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT 2007/AMTA Workshop on Syntax and Structure in Statistical Transla- 383 tion, SSST ’07, pages 17–24, Stroudsburg, PA, USA Association for Computational Linguistics Koby...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... Gaussian sufficient statistics for each of the 4N states from the last pass of re-estimation: the state occupancy πsi The sample mean µsi , and sample covariance Σsi Each quartet of states (see ... parameters of HMMs with even larger numbers of states States sequences through this HMM are expected to correspond to allophones The most likely state-sequence for a speech segment is interpreted as ... acoustic units An Improved and Fast SSS Algorithm The improvement of the SSS algorithm of Takami and Sagayama (1992), renamed ML-SSS by Singer and Ostendorf (1996), proceeds roughly as follows...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... identifier and the sense of the verb in that sentence, i.e sense(snt, sense): sense(snt1,voltar) sense(snt2,ir) … Based on the examples, background knowledge and a series of settings specifying the ... and left of the verb, represented by has_pos(snt, word_position, pos): has pos(snt1, 1st_word_left, nn) has pos(snt1, 1st_word_right, rb) … Table Verbs and possible senses in our corpus Both corpora ... rules simply test shallow features such as collocates, others pose conditions on sets of knowledge sources, including relational sources, and allow non-instantiated arguments to be shared amongst...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... 2000) assigns domain labels to synsets in WordNet Since the focus of the WSJ corpus is on business and financial news, we can make use of WordNet Domains to select the set of nouns having at least ... probabilities of the different senses in a new dataset We have recently shown that this algorithm is effective in estimating the sense priors of a set of nouns (Chan and Ng, 2005) Most of this section is ... Assume sense si is the predominant sense in the WSJ evaluation data, si has a sense prior of pi in the WSJ data and has ni BC training examples Taking ni examples to represent a sense prior of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... cluster, Setx, contains all the verbs in the input or the ICS is exhausted Word Sense Disambiguation We used the result of our clustering analysis, which consists of pairs of collocations of a distinct ... 'produce' 'Sentence' shows the number of sentences of occurrences of a polysemous verb, and column shows their distributions 'v' shows the number of polysemous verbs in the data W in Table shows the ... else i f Set a E CCS exists such that SeQ C Seth t h e n Seti is removed from ICS and Set := ¢ else i f for all Seth E CCS d o if Setl fq Set,, = ¢ t h e n Set := Seti i.e Seti is stored in CCS...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... where y is the response (word senses in our case), x s are the features, w s are the regression weights and σ is the variance of the Gaussian noise Coding Scheme for ∆SM : For describing SM , the ... Transfer Learning formulation which learns a prior suggesting which features are most useful for disambiguating ambiguous words Successful transfer requires finding similar word senses We used ... baseline and SVM model But these settings performed slightly worse than Setting 1, which suggests that it is a good idea to have clusters in which the word senses have “semantic” as well as “syntactic”...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 02:20

... 2002) In terms of learning method, Chen and Palmer (2004) also used EM learning to cluster Chinese verb senses Word Sense Translation Previous word sense translation methods are based on using context ... frame semantics ontology also provides a simulation of the “concept lexicon" of a bilingual person, as suggested by cognitive scientists Figure shows an example of a bilingual frame that possibly ... true translations or erroneous The accuracy of word sense translations on this evaluation set of example sentences is at 74.9% In comparison, we also look at Pr(cl|el), translation based on bilingual...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... Experimental Results and Discussion We used the EDR Japanese Corpus (EDR, 1995) for experiments The corpus is assembled from various sources such as newspapers, magazines, and textbooks It contains 208,000 ... 1,250 sentence size pool The result is not inconsistent with our hypothesis Before we discuss the results of Two Pool Algorithm, we show in Figure how support vectors of a classier increase and ... Learning We use pool-based active learning (Lewis and Gale, 1994) SVMs are used here instead of probabilistic classiers used by Lewis and Gale Figure shows an algorithm of pool-based active learning1 ...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... accuracy, most of the stateof-the-art systems are heavy probabilistic systems using semi-Markov assumptions or latent variables (Andrew, 2006; Sun et al., 2009b) For example, one of the state -of- the-art ... previous papers The statistics are listed in Table Best05 represents the best system of the Second International Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff on the corresponding data; CRF + rule-system represents ... achieved similar or even higher F-scores, compared with the best systems reported in previous papers Note that, our system is a single Markov model, while most of the state -of- the-art systems are...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 14:20

... problem as binary classification where desired texts are positive examples and other texts are negative examples This setting is practical, because ambiguous senses other than the expected sense are ... Figure 2: Selection of pseudo negative examples No of senses 11 25 Other ambiguous senses Las Vegas, football team name, nickname, star, horse race, Baccarat glass, atelier, wine, game, music attic ... instances, the number of feature, and the percentage of positive sense instances for each data set Assigning the correct labels of data instances is done by one person and 48.5% of all the labels are...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20