robert axelrod the evolution of cooperation summary

... network. The function of these gateways is to packetize the voice signal on the originating end of a call so that it can be transported over an IP network. At the terminating end of the call, another ... drive the IPT market in the longer run. Indeed the very future of IPT depends in part on the development of compelling applications. There are a variety of potential applications, many of which ... growing market we often find that it changes month by month. All four of these are, however, carrying millions of minutes each of IPT on their networks. Despite the entry of other players, Delta...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 17:15

... From the Sea: Preparing the Naval Service for the 21st Century, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, 1992. 22 Combat Pair: The Evolution of Air Force–Navy Integration in Strike Warfare there ... and line aircrews over the issue of whether fleet squadrons should train simply to meet the demands of the most likely threat or instead should train to the limits of their aircraft’s capabilities ... a decade earlier at the instigation of then-Secretary of the Navy John Lehman in response to the flawed Navy performance in the Lebanon strike of December 1983 and to the fleet readiness deficiencies...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 23:20

... two of the rings face in the opposite direction in the membrane to the other two, forming the same pattern as in the AFM surface representation of Fig. 2A. By comparison with the 3D structure of ... that the c rings contain both types of c subunits. The stoichiometry for c 2 ⁄ c 3 : c 1 was 9 : 1. Furthermore, this stoichiometry was independent of the carbon source of the growth medium. These ... the ring. The c ring of I. tartaricus has 11 negative charges that are equally distributed along the horizontal axis of the rotor [8]. A positive charge on the stator attracts one of the negative...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

... 1998. All of these events raised fears of a global economic meltdown. Also notable at the end of 1998 was the creation of the financial behe- moth, Citigroup, that challenged the separation of banking ... experience drawn from the publication of numerous past books and articles on many of these topics. His input was invaluable to the completion of this book. The authors also wish to thank the staff at ... with some thoughts on the role of the public sector in the management of systemic risk. At this writing, the world continues its de-risking and de-leveraging. In April of 2010 the IMF revised downward...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... knowledge about their evolution is basic to understand the evolution of aesthetic preference itself. A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the human brain, as well as of certain specific ... Ardipithecus ramidus. Given the fragmentary state of these remains, and the difficulties inherent in their comparison, there is much discussion as to the validity of their hominid status. The earliest ... there is no way of determining which level of analysis is the most relevant to the study of the neural correlates of aesthetic preference. Additionally, the evolutionary emergence of such a capacity...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 17:20

... with the familiar pattern of expression of the principally embryonic cA–F genes in the rodent lens [41,47]. The absence of expression in outer layers of the lens contrasts with the expression of ... encodes the first two structural motifs, and hence the N-ter- minal domain of the protein, just as in the genes for cS and cA–F. However, the second half of the gene has the structure of a b-crystallin ... polypeptide capable of completing the C-terminal domain of the protein. Currently there is no evidence for expression of canonical cN in primates. This leaves open the ques- tion of whether the gene for...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 17:20

... on A). There is no significant effect of the age of the firm. It is clear that the size of the firm in total assets is the key determinant of the amount of advertising. Large firms have the financial ... 0.103 0.092 Note: The table shows the mean, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the deposit interest rates. The coefficient of variation (CV) is the ratio of the standard deviation ... present the estimation results both for the case when there is a lagged dependent variable in the marketing effort 9 depending upon the extent of the persistence of market shares. The sum of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 10:20

... FEBS To analyze the contribution of protein domains to the ER anchorage, the localization of the full-length enzyme was compared with those of five truncated forms. The pattern of the full-length ... enzymes. The most significant difference between the amphi- oxus and the other retinal reductases was, nevertheless, their preference for the NADH cofactor. To our knowledge, these are the first ... [29]. The overall analysis, examining the topology of the phylogenetic tree and the position of each gene inside the cluster, was informative regard- ing the orthology relationships of the distinct...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 09:20

... front of the other and are separated by a short barrier or a full screen. They both have a map with some objects. Some of them are in the same position and with the same name, but most of them ... condi- tion the follower or the giver can alternatively be a confederate, with the aim of getting the other participant angry. In this condition the psycho- physiological state of the confederate ... utterance choic- es to the accuracy of the route performed on the map. Bethan Davies extended the meaning of “move” to the goal evaluation, from a narrow set of indicators to a sort of data-driven...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... obstruction of the bowels the opening of the abdomen, removal of the obstructed portion and uniting the ends of the intestine by sutures. After the death of Alexander, Egypt fell into the hands of his ... from the city, then he sketches the career of some of the more famous of the physicians under the Empire, some of whom must have had incomes never approached at any other period in the history of ... dogmas into the language of Greek thought and finally crystallized them in the philosophy of Aristotle." Whether a plaything of the gods or a cog in the wheels of the universe this was the problem...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20

... structure of the oxygen atom. As we shall see in Cha p. 2, the existence of oxygen atoms is in turn a necessary result of the evolution of the universe. 1.3 The Dioxygen Molecule Virtually all of the ... H ỵ ẵ: Thus, the higher the pH value, the lower the proton concentration and therefore the degree of dissociation of water. This behavior of water depends strongly on the temperature, the higher the temperature ... of a particular part of the DNA from the cell nucleus to the cytosol. This serves as a matrix for the synthesis of proteins, composed of amino acids. Thus, proteins express the potential of the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20

... ancestral host of Achryso- chroides. Regarding the effect of taxa sampling on the reconstruction of reproductive strategies, although the biology of most species in other parts of the world is ... comprise a third of known species of this genus. Regarding the effect of taxa sampling on the reconstruction of ancestral host use, most of our species are European, reflecting the most detailed ... causes. Second, we examine the evolution of host choice. Recently a phylogeny was constructed of the genus Phyl- lonorycter that includes all the (British) hosts of the Achrys- ocharoides included...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:20

... time, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere underwent a rapid buildup. That availability of oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere played a key role in the further develop- ment of life forms. The ... Microorganisms present in the air could fall into the straight- neck fl ask but not into the fl ask with the curved neck. At the end of the experiment, the broth in the straight-neck fl ask was ... 2:07 PM 8 THE EVOLUTION OF CELLS hold great promise in the fi elds of evolutionary biology, medicine, and bioengineering. THE NATURE OF LIFE AND ITS ORIGINS Defining Life  e existence of life...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 21:20

... absolutely ignorant of the meaning of the words Soul, Spirit, Intelligence: how, then, can we logically reason from the presence of the one to the existence of the other? I reject, then, even when ... further delay, that the hopes of the friends of association were groundless. Thus, then, the gentlemen of the Academy disavow, in their session-chamber, their announcements from the tripod! There ... sign of salvation, or seeks in the spectacle of its revolutions, as in the entrails of a victim, the secret of its destiny. Why need I insist further? The hypothesis of God is allowable, for it...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 07:20

... analysing the shape of the growth pattern of the quantity of cinema consumed and expenditure on cinema. The time of the take-off will be estimated quantitatively (and its timing compared with the ... availability of the constituent technologies and the appearance of the innovation of the cinematograph. It is expected that the findings will show that it is highly unlikely that there was no ... α α ε − −=⋅=⋅= ∆ ∆ = 1 1 % % TRSq q dq dq q q q q l c c l l c c l qs (1) Where is the amount of spectator-hours of cinema consumed, the spectator-hours of live entertainment, TRS the technical rate of substitution and α the share of cinema expenditure...

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