The Evolution of Counseling Psychology docx

The Evolution of Counseling Psychology Donalo H. Blocher ~~~ Springer Publishing Company The Evolution of Counseling Psychology Donald H. Blocher, Ph.D., is a profes- sor emertitus of counseling psychology at the State University of New York at Albany. Dr. Blocher received his Ph.D. in counseling psychology at the University of Minnesota. He is a Fellow of the Ameri- can Psychological Association and a past president of the Division of Counseling Psychology. Dr. Blocher has served on the faculties of the University of Minne- sota and the University of Western On- tario as well as at the University at Albany. He was also a Fulbright Professor at the University of Keele in the United Kingdom. He has been a visiting lecturer at a number of universities in the United States and abroad. Dr. Blocher is the author of a number of books including Developmental Counseling now in its 4th edition, and has contributed numerous book chapters and journal articles to the counseling literature. Dr. Blocher has taught history in the public schools, served as a school counselor and school psychologist, and was an Intelligence Officer in the United States Air Force. He is currently engaged in writing and consulting. The Evolution of Counseling Psychology Donald H. Blocher, PhD [~j Springer Publishing Company Copyright© 2000 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. All rights ·reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Springer Publishing Company, ]nc. 536 Broadway New York, NY 10012-3955 Acquisitions Editor: Bill Tucker Production Editor: J. Hurkin-Torres Cover design by Susan Hauley oo o 1 02 03 04 I s 4 3 2 1 Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blocher, Donald H. The evolution of counseling psychology I Donald H. Blocher. p. em. h1cludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8261-1348-6 1. Counseling-United States-History. I. Title BF637.C6.B473 2000 158'3 dc21 Printed in the United States of America Photo Credits 00-020289 CIP John Dewey, James McKeen Cattell, G. Stanley Hall, Leona Tyler, Lewis M. Terman, Jean Piaget, courtesy of the Archive of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. Donald Super, courtesy of Donald Blocher. Henry Borow, courtesy of Marian Borow. Alfred Binet, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Carl Rogers, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, courtesy of the University of Sonoma Web Site. To Henry Borow, a student of and maker of the history of counseling psychology Fhispage intentionally left hlank List of Figures Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Contents Part I In the Beginning Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience ix xi xiii 1 3 The Rise of Applied Psychology 33 The Professionalization of Counseling 7 5 Psychology The Search for a Professional Identity 97 The Dawning of the Age of Psychotherapy 119 Part II Traditions, Traditions, Traditions 147 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 The Individual Differences Tradition The Developmental Tradition The Humanistic Tradition The Behavioral Tradition 149 177 207 233 Part III From Here to Uncertainty 261 From Theoretical Divisiveness to Eclectic-Integrative Therapies vii 263 viii Contents Chapter 11 Epilogue Appendix A Appendix B Name Index Subject Index Coming of Age As a Profession The Expansion of Counseling Psychology Markers and Milestones in the Evolution of Counseling Psychology 291 313 317 319 323 333 List of Figures 1.1 John Dewey 21 2.1 James McKeen Cattell 41 2.2 Alfred Binet 44 2.3 Donald G. Paterson 67 3.1 G. Stanley Hall 78 4.1 E. G. Williamson 98 4.2 John Darley 100 4.3 C. Gilbert Wrenn 104 4.4 Leona Tyler 107 5.1 Sigmund Freud 121 5.2 Carl Gustav Jung 125 5.3 Alfred Adler 127 6.1 Lewis M. Terman 167 6.2 Donald Super 173 7.1 Jean Piaget 180 7.2 Henry Borow 198 8.1 Carl Rogers 209 9.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 235 9.2 B. F. Skinner 249 ix [...]... "spirit of the times" from whence came the ideas and ideals of the pioneers of what eventually became counseling psychology The years around 1900 in the United States were, to borrow Dickens' classic phrase, "the best of times and the worst of times." The years following the end of the American Civil War were witness to a veritable economic and social explosion The full impact of the Industrial Revolution,... to their own visions of a distant reality The history of counseling psychology is no exception in this regard It is possible to detect the roots of counseling in the education of squires in the Court of Charlemagne (Miller, 1961), or even to trace the origins of its literature to the earliest outputs of the Gutenberg Press (Zytowski, 1972) It is equally possible to choose the date of publication of. .. chaired by Jessie B Davis, the English teacher from Grand Rapids, who was one of the true pioneers of school counseling and guidance Plans were begun for the formation of the first national professional organization of guidance workers, The National Vocational Guidance Association These plans were continued at the meeting of the NSPIE in Philadelphia in December of 1912 The goals of the new organization,... psychology to two great wars, the boom and bust of applied psychology during the Roaring Twenties and the counseling of the despairing jobless in the Great Depression are all integra] aspects of our history The return of the veterans after World War II, our nation's descent into the Cold War, and the race for space have all molded our profes :· sion The struggle for human rights, the Women's Movement, etl:mic... or the convening of a national conference (Aubrey, 1977) as points of departure from whence to unfold the story of counseling psychology' s emergence as a profession Such milestones may be important, but in themselves they seldom shed much light on the zeitgeist out of which a new profession actually came into being The history of counseling psychology is, after all, much more than a mere chronology of. .. guidance The list of dignitaries who addressed the joint conven- 20 In the Beginning tion of the NSPIE and the newly organized National Vocational Guidance Association was almost a Who's Who of national leaders of progressive causes Among them was Ida Tarbell, the queen of the "Muckrakers." She spoke on the vocational needs of women and gave impetus for the inclusion of home economics in the school... and the pioneering reformers of both vocational education and vocational guidance were in the forefront The New York Conference on Vocational Guidance in 1912 was held independently of the NSPIE meeting The problems of the masses of school children literally dumped out of the school system to struggle in the work world was a central theme of the Conference The approach to the problem that gained wide... goods, flour The industrial revolution was finally in full swing, remaking the country in its own image (p 127) The transformation of the country was geographical and psychological as well as economic In the years following the Civil War, a parade Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience 5 of new states joined the Union Most of these were carved out of the great heartland of the continent that only... and lofty The committee concluded that "Vocational education and guidance are generally recognized as two phases of the great economic and social movement to improve the condition of those who form the base of the human pyramid that we call civilization" (Stephens, 1970, p 31) Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience 19 GUIDANCE RIDES THE CREST OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT The tie-in of these... In the Beginning The changes in the nature of work in the newly industrialized society triggered new concepts of the work ethic and particularly vastly differing notions about the just rewards of labor These ideas and the interplay of moral, intellectual, and economic issues that they triggered occupied the thinking of labor leaders, industrialists, and philosophers for the next half century It was the . Index Coming of Age As a Profession The Expansion of Counseling Psychology Markers and Milestones in the Evolution of Counseling Psychology 291. the Beginning Guidance: A Product of the American Conscience ix xi xiii 1 3 The Rise of Applied Psychology 33 The Professionalization of Counseling