renal electrolyte and acid base physiology

... Severinghaus JW: Siggaard-Andersen and the ‘Great TransAtlantic Acid- Base Debate’ Scand J Lab Invest 1993, Suppl 214:99-104 Siggaard-Andersen O, Fogh-Andersen N: Base excess or buffer base (strong ion ... PA: Saunders; 1994 Siggaard-Andersen O: The Acid base Status of the Blood, 4th ed Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1974 Nairns RG, Emmett M: Simple and mixed acid- base disorders: a practical ... Siggaard-Andersen O, Rorth M, Strickland DAP: The buffer value of plasma, erythrocyte fluid and whole blood In Blood pH, Gases and Electrolytes Workshop on pH and Blood Gases, National Bureau of Standards,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... Siggaard-Andersen O, Engel K: A new acid base nomogram, an improved method for calculation of the relevant blood acid base data Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1960, 12:177 Siggaard-Andersen O: Blood acid base ... Appl Physiol 2003, 95:2333-2344 29 Watson PD: USC physiology acid base center: software and data sets [http://www.med.sc.edu:96/watson/Acidbase/Acidbase htm] 192 ... 1921, 48:153 Siggaard-Andersen 0: The pH-log PCO2 blood acid base nomogram revised Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1962, 14:598-604 Corey HE: Stewart and beyond: new models of acid- base balance Kidney...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... to understanding acid base physiology All three approaches share certain affecter elements and all use markers and derived variables to describe acid base imbalance ATOT, total weak acids; PCO2, ... P: Modern quantitative acid- base chemistry Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983, 61:1444-1461 Stewart PA: How to Understand Acid- base: A Quantitative Acidbase Primer for Biology and Medicine, 1st ed New ... approach using SID and SIG should be fairly straightforward; indeed, they are (Table 1) Quantitative acid base at the bedside If acid base analysis can be reunified and BE and AG updated, then...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 22:22

... potential renal acid load and renal net acid excretion in healthy, free-living children and adolescents Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(5):1255-1260 13 Remer T, Manz F: Potential renal acid load of foods and ... potential influence as a dietary influence on acid- base balance, the present study was undertaken to systematically evaluate changes in both hydration and acid- base balance following chronic consumption ... influences on markers for acid- base balance and hydration status when consumed under free-living conditions Since most studies evaluating nutritional influences on acid- base status are either large-scale...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 23:21

... Instant Access: Acid- Base, Fluids, and Electrolytes Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy ... books and websites, please click here To my wife Sheli, my parents Robert Sr and Nancy, my son Rob, and my brothers Steven and Fred, whose help and support are invaluable in both my life and career ... ACIDOSIS DINKAR KAW AND JOSEPH I SHAPIRO 171 METABOLIC ALKALOSIS DINKAR KAW AND JOSEPH I SHAPIRO 249 vii viii CONTENTS RESPIRATORY AND MIXED ACID- BASE DISTURBANCES YOUNGSOOK YOON AND JOSEPH I SHAPIRO...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... peptide, prostaglandins, and endothelin) • Physical properties (mean arterial pressure, peritubular capillary pressure, and renal interstitial pressure) affect handling of Na+ and water Na+ reabsorption ... needed to excrete Na+ and K+ at their concentration in serum) • Electrolyte- free water Formula for electrolyte- free water clearance • Urine volume = CElectrolytes + CH O • CElectrolytes = (Urine ... Amiloride and triamterene can cause nausea and vomiting, rarely a metabolic acidosis and hyponatremia may occur Amiloride promotes glucose intolerance, while triamterene causes megaloblastic anemia and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... of nonvolatile acids and bases and the ingestion of a normal “Western diet” to maintain acid- base homeostasis the kidney must excrete this acid load The role of the kidney in acid- base homeostasis ... Metabolic Acidosis 246 6–48 Treatment 246 Figure 6–4 Paradoxical Intracellular Acidosis 248 METABOLIC ACIDOSIS 175 ACID- BASE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY TABLE 6–1: General Principles of Acid- Base Homeostasis ... simply examines the initial substrates and final products To this, it is helpful to think of acids and bases as “lewis” acids and bases; in other words, to consider acids as electron acceptors rather...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... RESPIRATORY AND MIXED ACID- BASE DISTURBANCES Figure 8–2 Use of the Anion Gap in Evaluation 303 Figure 8–3 Acid- Base Nomogram 304 8–10 Syndromes Commonly Associated with Mixed Acid- Base Disorders ... chronic compensation RESPIRATORY AND MIXED ACID- BASE DISTURBANCES 295 TABLE 8–5 (Continued) As PaCO2 increases and arterial pH decreases, renal acid excretion and bicarbonate retention become ... chronic compensation As PaCO2 decreases and arterial pH increases, renal excretion of acid and retention of bicarbonate are reduced RESPIRATORY AND MIXED ACID- BASE DISTURBANCES 299 TABLE 8–7 (Continued)...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... Presentation Renal phosphate wasting, glycosuria in the face of a normal serum glucose concentration, and aminoaciduria Less commonly patients may also have proximal renal tubular acidosis and hypokalemia ... ECF and Organ Systems 415 11–3 Renal Magnesium Handling—Proximal Tubule and Thick Ascending Limb 416 Figure 11–2 Magnesium Reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Limb 11–4 Renal Magnesium Handling—Distal ... established by measuring serum and urinary amino acids and glucose and calculating the fractional excretion of each Fanconi’s Syndrome Secondary to Tenofovir Pathophysiology Tenofovir is an acyclic...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... 243, 286 acid- base balance assessment approach of patients, 189–192 bicarbonate reclamation, 182–183 new bicarbonate production, distal nephron, 184 acid- base biology/chemistry acid- base balance ... protons, loss/gain, 181f acid- base homeostasis general principles, 175 role of kidney, 180 acid- base nomogram, 304f acidemia, 141–142, 189, 193, 219 Addison’s disease (hypoadrenalism), 160, 241, ... 107 and DCT diuretics, 115 and diuretic resistance, 118, 120 encephalopathy risks, 115 and K+ balance disorders, 42 and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, 116 and Na+ balance disorders, 42 and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:21

... group, patients with ARF had mild acidemia and a moderate degree of metabolic acidosis (negative base excess and decreased serum bicar- The same major acid base differences seen when comparing ... of acid base analysis described by Stewart and Figge and colleagues [7,8] To identify acid base changes that might be unique to ARF, we studied data from 40 critically ill patients with ARF and ... achieve a better understanding of the nature of the acid base disorders of ARF in critically ill patients To achieve this goal, we sought to define and quantify acid base disorders in these patients...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:22

... explore the acid base disorders seen in ARF, the effect of RRT and its modalities on acid base disorders, the effect of replacement fluid on acid base balance, and the effect of HVHF on acid base balance ... understand and manage the acid base disorders in ARF and critically ill patients in general Acid base analysis using the Stewart–Figge methodology As described above, the pathogenesis of acid base ... stronger effect on acid base disorders Therefore, improving our understanding of the impact of RRT on acid base disorders and gaining insights into the nature of such disorders and the mechanisms...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... acetic acid plus 0.001 M HCl (e) 0.16M acetic acid plus 0.044 M sodium acetate (Ans: 1.3, 2.88, 8.79, 2.27, 4.2) Polyatomic Acids & Bases 13 Phosphorus acid, H3PO4, is actually a diprotic acid; ... 1.0 X 10-2 and Ka2 = 2.6 X 10-7 What are the values of [H+], pH and HPO32- in a 1.0 M solution? 14 Tellurium, in the same family as sulphur, forms an acid analogous to sulphuric acid and called ... acid and called telluric acid It exists, however, as H6TeO6 (which looks like H2TeO4 + H2O) It is a diprotic acid Ka1 = 2.1 X 10-8 and Ka2 = 6.5 X 10-12 Calculate [H+], pH, and [H4TeO62-] in a 0.25...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2012, 12:19

... tích đánh giá acid- based  Những rối loạn acid- base đơn giản  Tiếp cận cách hệ thống rối loạn acid- base  quy tắc giúp dễ dàng nhanh chóng đọc rối loạn acid- base Phân tích Acid- Base, cần cơng ... rối loạn acid- base ngun phát Rối loạn acid - base có loại ? pH7,45 nhiễm kiềm HCO3-↑ Chuyển hóa PCO2 ↓ Hô hấp Ngun tắc đơn giản:  CO2 = Acid (hơ ... bicarbonate ketoacid nước tiểu Kết luận:      Để đánh giá RL acid- base xác cần ABG điện giải Cần tiếp cận cách hệ thống Cần nhớ quy tắc “bình thường” khí máu khơng bình thường Acid - Base Điều...

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2012, 15:50

... 42 Cơ chế điều hòa thăng acid base hệ đệm proteinat là: A Phần base hệ đệm nhận H+ thể bị nhiễm acid B Phần acid hệ đệm giải phóng H+ thể bị nhiễm kiềm C Các acid amin acid protein giải phóng ... phóng H+ thể bị nhiễm kiềm D Các acid amin base protein nhận H+ thể bị nhiễm acid E Các câu 43 Cơ chế điều hòa thăng acid base hệ đệm phosphat A Khi thể bị nhiễm acid Na2HPO4 phóng thích H+ B Khi ... thể bị nhiễm kiềm chất kiềm tác dụng với phần acid hệ đệm muối trung hòa Khi thể bị nhiễm acid chất acid tác dụng với phần kiềm hệ đệm acid yếu hơn, acid dễ phân li cho CO2 H2O Nhờ Hemoglobin vận...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2012, 14:34

... + HO Base Acid H2O + CH2_CHO Base (carbanion) Acid Chú ý: Một acid mạnh base liên hợp base yếu Một acid yếu base liên hợp base mạnh 50 - CH3 CH2 + BH B Base mạnh Acid yếu - + + Acid yếu Base ... tác acid base: Nớc dung môi có tính base CH3COOH + H2O Acid Base H3O+ + CH3COOAcid Base Hoà tan muối acid hữu vào nớc, có tơng tác acid -base : Nớc dung môi có tính acid H2O + CH3COO Base Acid ... tơng tác acid -base, tạo carbocation trung gian trớc lúc tạo thành alcol H3PO4 + CH3 CH=CH2 Acid Base + CH3CH_CH3 + Acid - H2PO4 Base Một số phản ứng có xúc tác base có trình tơng tác acid base để...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 09:20

... phần: acid yếu muối base mạnh base yếu với muối với acid mạnh Ví dụ hệ đệm bicarbonat gồm H2CO3/ NaHCO3 (acid yếu: H2CO3) /muối base mạnh: NaOH), hệ đệm NH4OH/NH4Cl (base yếu: NH4OH/muối acid ... trương lên) II Rối loạn cân Acid- Base Khi có rối loạn cân hai trình acid hóa base hóa thể, dẫn đến nhiễm độc acid nhiễm độc base Nhiễm độc acid 1.1 Định nghĩa Nhiễm độc acid hay nhiễm toan trình ... loạn cân acid- base kiểu hô hấp + - Các ion H liên kết với anion cố định, không bay (SO42-, PO43-, lactat, ) chịu trách nhiệm rối loạn cân acidbase kiểu chuyển hóa Khái niệm kiềm dư (BE: base excess)...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 04:15

... bi thn v phi Cỏc kiu ri lon thng bng acid- base i cng Cỏc chuyn hoỏ luụn luụn sinh acid, base, nhng pH mỏu luụn n nh 7,36 nh h m Hờ m l cỏc dung dch cha acid yu v mui ca nú, cú kh nng lm gim ... -Protein/ Proteinat -acid hu c/ mui acid hu c -acid hu c/ mui acid hu C ch m hệ bicarbonat + H2O CO2Ht CO2FN H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- - H2O [CO2] hũa tan = pCO2 ph nang ( = 0,03 mmol/l) Khi acid mnh (AH) xõm ... loạn thăng acid- base Do hô hấp Nhim base: Nguyờn nhõn: tng kớch thớch hụ hp: xuỏt huyt nóo, u nóo, viờm nóo, tng thụng khớ nhõn to pH mỏu tng, pCO2 gim, pHCO3- gim Rối loạn thăng acid- base Do...

Ngày tải lên: 22/12/2013, 23:17

... mạch máu tónh mạch  BB (Base Buffer): kiềm đệm  BE (Base Excess): kiềm dư, gọi blood base excess  BBE (Blood base excess): kiềm dư máu CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT  BE ecf (Base excess of extracellular ... chuyển hóa • Tăng sx acid khơng bay hơi: nhiễm toan thể ceton TĐ, nhiễm toan acid lactic, ngộ độc salicylate • Mất bicarbonate: tiêu chảy, thuốc ức chế men CA • Giảm thải trừ acid suy thận cấp mạn ... CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT  BE ecf (Base excess of extracellular fluid): kiềm dư dòch ngoại bào, gọi standard base excess (SBE-st): kiềm dư chuẩn  CO2T (Total CO2): lượng carbon dioxide tổng cộng  FiO2...

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 00:16

... Acid- Base abnormalities  Metabolic Acidosis  Metabolic Alkalosis  Respiratory Acidosis  Respiratory Alkalosis Mechanisms of acid- base balance Respiratory system ... Titrable acids (HPO4) Excretion of organic acids Buffers Ca, Hb, PP bones Ammonium (NH4) Metabolic Acidosis  Definition:  Primary decrease in serum HCO3  Decreased pH  Accumulation of acids ... plasma AG=Na - (Cl + HCO3) Normal AG= 10-12 mEq/L Causes of ↑AG metabolic acidosis: “Accumulation of acids” lactic acidosis Ketoacidosis - diabetic, alcoholic, starvation Toxins - ethylene glycol,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2014, 05:21