... epithelial lesions may be non-invasive (lobular carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma) or infiltrating (invasive lobular carcinoma and infiltrating ductal carcinomas) Infiltrating ductal cancers are ... on human breast cells remain unclear 4 Breast Cancer RecentAdvancesin Biology, ImagingandTherapeuticsRecent experimental data revealed that in addition to the intracellular-located receptors, ... (Lenferink et al 1998) 18 Breast Cancer RecentAdvancesin Biology, ImagingandTherapeutics This indicates that a disregulation of HER2 levels will lead to increased receptor dimerization and...
... acting insulin, intermediate acting insulin, and long acting insulin Choosing the correct type of insulin differs from person to person and often depends on their daily activities, their willingness ... beta-carotene and other carotenoids (Vitamin A, 2007), vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when in direct contact with UVB radiation (Vitamin D, 2007), and vitamin K is made by bacteria living in the intestines ... given food bars containing L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins (Vitamin A, C, and E are all antioxidants) The second group was given bars containing just the vitamin supplements and the third group...
... research in theory and engineering development in practice, and as a messenger between the technical pioneers and the researchers who followed in their footstep This book, titled RecentAdvancesin ... July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org RecentAdvancesin Wireless ... Kao-Peng Chou and Jia-Chin Lin Chapter Synchronization for OFDM-Based Systems 23 Yu-Ting Sun and Jia-Chin Lin Chapter ICI Reduction Methods in OFDM Systems 41 Nadieh M Moghaddam and Mohammad Mohebbi...
... classified into two categories: continuous and discontinuous as shown in Fig 10 These two categories can be subdivided into three types: intraband contiguous, intraband discontinuous and interband A ... eliminate intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference In general, the symbol timing offset may vary in an interval that is equal to the guard time and does not cause intersymbol interference ... which results in time-varying phase changes Intercarrier interference comes into being another attached problem Because an error in the sampling frequency means an error in the FFT interval duration,...
... of combining schemes, including selection combining, switch combining, EGC, and MRC, in the following 2.1.1 Selection combining Selection combining is a simple receive diversity combining scheme ... Equal gain combining Equal gain combing is a suboptimal combining scheme, as compared with the MRC scheme Instead of requiring both the amplitude and phase knowledge of channel state information, ... transmitting multiple data streams without additional bandwidth or power expenditure Several basic receiver architectures for handling inter-antenna interference, including zero-forcing (ZF), minimum...
... RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks 4.1 Linear array and signal model Fig 16 depicts a linear array with L omni-directional and equi-spaced antennas, and the antenna spacing ... null-steering and the optimal beamforming schemes Although the nullsteering beamforming scheme can form deep nulls in the directions of the interfering sources, the performance of filtering out the interference ... be mainly determined by the groups and classes whose matrices Gg,c = Gmin g,c min Tg,c Rmin Tg,c g H (42) have the smallest common rank, denoted by min ˜ Dmin = rank(Gmin ) = rank Tg,c Rmin Tg,c...
... multiplexing in fading channels, IEEE Trans Commun 50: 1266–1273 116 22 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH Meyer, C (2000) Matrix analysis and applied linear ... state and sends this information (CSI: Channel state information) to the resource allocator, usually via a 120 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH Fig Single-user ... corresponding users’ rate vector are obtained from (8) and shown in Fig as a marker point in the boundary of the rate region Therefore, the marker points are the points of R0 located in the boundary...
... averaging in time and accounting for diversity and suppressing noise in spatial 150 12 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH diversity brunches Depending on amount ... combined to for Z ( N ) In the intermediate case both components are combined according to (67) with more and more emphasis put on in- phase component X ( N ) as coherency increases with increase ... already under study in LTE under the Coordinated 166 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Multipoint (CoMP) concept (3GPP LTE, 2007) that although not included in the current releases,...
... schemes in integrated WLAN and 3G cellular networks 192 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks 2.2 Vertical handoff In integrated networks, there are two types of handoff: intra-technology ... Coupling, Tight Coupling, and Loose Coupling (Liu, 2006) The Open Coupling architecture specifies an open standard and is used for access and roaming between 802.11 WLAN and UMTS networks In this ... By using the precoding vectors defined in (25) and considering (26), the received signal in (24) reduces to, B eq yk ,l = ∑ pb , k , l hb , k ,l sk ,l + nk , l b =1 (27) 176 RecentAdvances in...
... blocking probability in WLAN is a monotonically increasing continuous function of δ , while blocking probability and dropping probability in UMTS cell are continuous decreasing functions over δ in ... Handoff Issues in 4G Wireless Systems An Overview, Proceedings of International Latin American and Caribbean for 210 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Engineering and Technology ... metrics, including new call blocking 202 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks prabability and handoff dropping probability To reduce the complexity, we focus on voice services in...
... changing the access point from which obtains Internet access) Leu & Ko (2008) proposed a method that combines SIP and SCTP with the aim of minimizing delay and packet losses during the handovers ... Advancesin Wireless Communications and Networks one data stream between source and destination endpoints Multistream SCTP includes multistreaming, and finally, multihomed SCTP incorporates multihoming ... code line 27 in Fig 2) To make it compatible with IPv6, lines indicated in Table should be replaced int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sockfd, newfd; socklen_t sin_size; struct sockaddr _in local;...
... uplink and downlink in terminals In rtPS class and nrtPS class, BS assigns data grants to downlink, and polls to terminals in accordance with the reserved capacity for uplink in each terminal, and ... Ful.rtPS, and then Tul.rtPS is a convex monotonically increasing function of Ful.rtPS the same as rtPS of downlink 3.4 16-uplink in nrtPS and 16-link in BE In 16-uplink of nrtPS and 16-link of BE, ... of source link when source link is 11-uplink or 16-uplink in nrtPS or 16-link in BE The second item means the increase in a number of 286 20 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks...
... distribute to 11a-link brings low delay to IP because of wide bandwidth and few accommodated terminals in 11a, as mentioned in 5.2 In area-B, the packet collision and loss in 11b further increase because ... the increase in traffic, and the large number of retransmissions in MAC brings the increase in delay to IP Furthermore, the packet loss in 11b brings the decrease in throughput to IP Each 16-link ... usually involved in the planning and deployment phase, while the final customers are more interested in monitoring and control the WSN Fig Wireless sensor network lifecycle Planning WSNs Planning...
... Architecture for Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks into the Internet of Things, Proceedings of 3rd Symposium of Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence 2008, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, ... processing module, e.g running in a processor, by a HW processing module, e.g running in a FPGA, and vice versa Moreover, a HW processing module can be easily moved to a processor instantiated inside ... (OFDM) and supports Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology The standard defines asymmetrical data rates and modulations for uplink and downlink, using different access schemes for each link...
... developing and deploying context-aware collaborative applications for mobile users It comprises client and server APIs, core services for monitoring and inferring the mobile devices' context, and ... find proper pre-defined web page templates according to device attributes Their focus was in applying XML/XSLT styles to database contents retrieved in dynamic web pages 364 RecentAdvancesin ... we define several vocabularies to represent the actions in removing an element in text/html document, andin changing the coding of a web page For MIME type t, suppose the set of transcoding operations...
... discharge, plus the one produce in the ESR of the capacitor is: ΔV = Vripple = ΔVESR + ΔVC (12) Bearing mind the reasoning followed on the previous lines, and replacing Ec and 12 in Ec 5, the capacitor ... I PEAK − I IN I −I ⋅ Δt = PEAK IN ⋅ tON C C (21) And the capacitor charging time, VC(t), is: Charge : ΔV = I IN I ⋅ (T − tON ) ⇒ ΔV = IN ⋅ ⋅ Δt(GSM ) C C (22) 400 RecentAdvancesin Wireless ... not withstand a standard lead-free oven soldering profile 392 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks They also have some technical disadvantages Whenever the load drains current,...
... sensing channel for storing the sensor data For each sensing channel, at any point in time, only one of the stacks is used to store the incoming data stream While incoming data is being stored into ... monitoring 416 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks Finite state machine concepts are employed in designing the communication protocol for the wireless sensing units and the ... Receiving Unit time Data packet coming out of 24XStream and going into ATmega128 Fig Three-layer software architecture for the ATmega128 microcontroller in the wireless sensing and control unit Bandwidth...
... to our daily lives Inrecent years, improvements in integrated technology of electronic circuits and the increasing multi-functionality of mobile terminals have led to the inclusion of a multitude ... time andin the basic circuit Since V = Q/C, the voltages in the stretched state and the contracted state can be expressed as V1 and V2, respectively, and the following equation is obtained: ... stretching and contraction is E = 0.5C1V b (C1/C2-1) (2) 444 RecentAdvancesin Wireless Communications and Networks where C1 and C2 are the total capacitances of the dielectric elastomer films in...
... optical reporters imagingin living animals, developing pHtolerant luciferase for brighter in vivo imaging, and oscillation characteristics in bacterial bioluminescence Lastly, using recent data, ... Chapter Bioluminescent Proteins: High Sensitive Optical Reporters for Imaging Protein-Protein Interactions and Protein Foldings in Living Animals 49 Ramasamy Paulmurugan Chapter Quantitative Assessment ... system, and the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology for monitoring physical interactions between proteins in living cells Others are using bioluminescent proteins for...
... to the interaction which occurs between proteins X and Y Bioluminescent Proteins: High Sensitive Optical Reporters for Imaging Protein-Protein Interactions and Protein Foldings in Living Animals ... extended to imaging assays in intact living subjects The development of novel imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the level of protein misfolding in cells andin living animals, and also ... Bioluminescent Proteins: High Sensitive Optical Reporters for Imaging Protein-Protein Interactions and Protein Foldings in Living Animals 59 inside the subject must produce a signal of sufficient intensity...