project life cycle costing pdf

... Calendar and Organizational Effects 25 Budgeting for Modification Life- Cycle Patterns 26 Chapter Three A BROADER PERSPECTIVE: LIFE CYCLE PATTERNS, NOT INEXORABLE GROWTH 27 Summary of This Chapter ... compo- nents are replaced. An engine’s service life between overhauls is shorter than an air- craft’s design service life (e.g., 6,000 tactical cycles, or about 2,400 flying hours, versus 8,000 ... long-term age-related growth from other life- cycle events that may obscure or exaggerate measured workload growth. For example, during a platform’s early life, “infantile” failures caused by design...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 11:20

... life- cycle profile of income (Lawrance, 1995; Ludvigson, 1999; Athreya, 2002; Chatterjee et al., 2007; Livshits et al., 2007). Our aim is to contribute to the above literature by proposing a life- cycle ... with respect to their life- time resources. Higher θ means that uncertain income from labor is exchanged for certain income from pensions and thereby the variability of the life- cycle income profile ... distribution in life- cycle economies. Journal of Monetary Economics 38 (3), 469–494. Iacoviello, M., 2005. House prices, borrowing constraints, and monetary policy in the business cycle. American...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 06:21

... conventional, environmental, and societal life cycle costing for an idealized w ashing machine case Type of life cycle costing Life cycle costs (€ per unit) a Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA; per ... Summary Environmental Life Cycle Costing Environmental life cycle costing (LCC) summarizes all costs associated with the life cycle of a product that are directly covered by 1 or more of the actors in that life ... Perspectives (below). 1.3.2 LIFE CYCLE COSTING PLANNING VERSUS LIFE CYCLE COSTING ANALYSIS The LCC process should also be differentiated with respect to when in the life cycle it is carried out...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Modeling for Life Cycle Costing 27 Case Study Box 3: Perspectives Starting from the complete life cycle cost result for the idealized washing machine, this case study box illustrates life cycle costs ... 30 Environmental Life Cycle Costing of life cycle costing, several approaches for overcoming the “condentiality issue” have been ... and upstream costs are related to the life cycle of the product: “upstream” means earlier in the life cycle, whereas “downstream” means later in the life cycle, relative to some reference activity....

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Chemistry (SETAC) Environmental Life Cycle Costing 47 Case Study Box 6: Calculation of Life Cycle Costs This case study box demonstrates how the environmental life cycle costs for the idealized ... Societal LCC Life cycle stage Cost (€ per unit) Principal impact categories Impact (per unit) Life cycle stage Cost (€ per unit) Principal impact categories Impact (per unit) Life cycle stage Cost (€ ... compared. 3.2.2 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FROM ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES As explained in Chapter 1, the term life cycle has to be seen analogously to the physical life cycle for a functional...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... listed in Table 4.4 and life cycle inventory underlying LCIA in Table 0.1. â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 72 Environmental Life Cycle Costing products is ... Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Integrating External Effects into Life Cycle Costing 67 Damage costs have been evaluated in the ExternE Project of the European Union (Bickel and Friedrich 2005; EU ... costs of main emissions related to the life cycle of the idealized washing machine. The sum of these damage costs represents the difference between the life cycle costs calculated for the environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 77 5 Life Cycle Costing in Life Cycle Management Thomas Swarr and David Hunkeler Summary The integration of life cycle costing into existing management practices ... clearly independent concepts, can also serve as a basis to distinguish life cycle costing from these concepts. Life cycle costing does not replace any other cost- ing approach in business and ... This would, â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Costing in Life Cycle Management 87 During conceptual design, the team assesses the strategic t of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... static life cycle. These were set to a life cycle duration of 0 years in Figure 6.5; the longest life cycle spans 90 years (a building).** * The SETAC-Europe Working Group on Life Cycle Costing ... (SETAC) A Survey of Current Life Cycle Costing Studies 105 6.5.5.3 Duration of Life Cycle Considered and Duration of Study by the Type of LCC The duration of a life cycle, as considered in the ... do so), hence assuming a static, steady-state life cycle. Conventional LCC studies do not assume a stationary life cycle; in addition, the life cycle duration typically is longer (Figure 6.17)....

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... 7.1 7.2 7.3 Annual life cycle costs Environmental evaluation (VCD) Opel Corsa 1.0 Twinport Fiat Punto 1.2 8V Citroen C2 1.1 116 Environmental Life Cycle Costing TABLE 7.2 Summary of life cycle costing ... that life cycle costing, if based on the life cycle inventory of an LCA, is an easy-to-apply and efcient approach for assessing the economic dimension of sustainability. From a life cycle ... Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Costing Case Studies 147 Analyzing the life cycle costs, the main cost driver in all cases is the acquisi- tion, comprising some 40% of the total life cycle costs. The...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... THREE TYPES OF LIFE CYCLE COSTING A survey, carried out at the outset of the deliberations of the SETAC-Europe Working Group on Life Cycle Costing, identied 3 types of life cycle costing. The ... “societal LCC.” This book is focused on and hence titled Environmental Life Cycle Costing as this type of LCC presents a new life cycle costing methodology that is consistent with LCA and suitable as ... Environmental Life Cycle Costing In comparison to LCA, conventional LCC is easier to perform since data are more readily available. They are less abstract because the calculated life cycle costs...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... (Töpfer 2002). This initiative aims at a global promotion and use of life cycle thinking, life cycle assessment (LCA), and life cycle management (LCM). Acting sustainability will require its quantication, ... potential impacts throughout a products life cycle from â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 160 Environmental Life Cycle Costing be used publicly has become ... quality-adjusted life years (QALY) as a main measure of human â 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 157 9 Outlook Role of Environmental Life Cycle Costing in Sustainability...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 6 (2), 118–120. Norris, GA. 2006. Social impacts in product life cycles: towards life cycle attribute assess- ment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, ... 2003. Life cycle costing: paving the road to sustainable develop- ment? International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8 (2), 109–110. Hunkeler, D, Rebitzer, G. 2005. The future of life cycle ... Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 7 (4), 203–218. Schmidt, W-P. 2003. Life cycle costing as part of design for environment: environmental business cases. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... health. Worldwide, life expectancy has risen to an average of 65 years and death rates have declined, especially among young children. In the wealthiest developed countries, average life expectancy ... developing countries, life expectancy jumped from 40 to 64 years (Figure 1.2). In Brazil, for example, between 1940 and 1980 mortality declined from 18 per 1000 to 6 per 1000 persons, and life expectancy at ... Introduction 196 13.4.2 Properties 196 13.4.3 Uses 197 13.4.4 Environmental Contamination 197 13.4.4.1 Wildlife Exposure 197 13.4.4.2 Human Exposure 198 13.4.5 PCB Degradation 199 13.4.6 Metabolism 199 13.4.7...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... advanced to explain the causes of the observed increases. Major causes that were suggested include lifestyle, personal habits, and diet. However, these hypotheses have overlooked the role of environ- mental ... cadmium (Cd). In addition to affecting human health directly, water pollution also threatens aquatic life, particularly fish. For instance, in the early 1960s millions of fish in the lower Mississippi ... increase in the proportion of primary cancer of the liver. 11 2.3.2 Birth Defects In a person’s life span, the period of greatest susceptibility to exogenous injury is during the early stages...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... (OECD/NEA), 20 radionu- clides were released into the atmosphere. They included iodine-131 with a half -life of 8 days; cesium-134 and cesium-137 with half-lives of two and 30 years, respec- tively; and ... sources. Decomposition of organic matter containing proteins derived from vegetation and animal life could contribute to odors in the air. Odors from cooking foods such as fish, meat, and poultry ... reflected in retarded growth, increased susceptibility to other environmental stresses, and shorter life spans. In humans, a prolonged exposure to air pollutants such as NO 2 and O 3 , may...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20