... Because 1 pound of potatoes costs the rancher 8 pounds of meat, 1 pound of meat costs the rancher 1/ 8 pound of potatoes. Similarly, because 1 pound of potatoes costs the farmer 1/ 2 pound of meat, 1 ... Producing 1 pound of potatoestakes him 10 hours. Because he needs 20 hours to produce 1 pound of meat, 10 hours would yield 1/ 2 pound of meat. Hence, the farmer’s opportunity cost of 1 pound of potatoes ... rancher needs only 1 hour to produce 1 pound of meat, 8 hours of work would yield 8 pounds of meat.Hence, the rancher’s opportunity cost of1 pound of potatoes is 8 pounds of meat.Now consider...
... Producing 1 ounce of potatoes takes him 15 minutes. Because he needs 60 minutes to produce 1 ounce of meat, 15 minutes of work would yield ẳ ounce of meat. Hence, the farmer’s opportunity cost of1 ounce ... 20 minutes to produce 1 ounce of meat, 10 minutes of workwould yield ẵ ounce of meat. Hence, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing 1 ounce of potatoes is ẵ ounce of meat.Now consider the ... opportunity cost of potatoes. Because 1 ounce of potatoes costs the rancher ẵ ounce of meat, 1 ounce of meat costs therancher 2 ounces of potatoes. Similarly, because 1 ounce of potatoes costs...
... “lower lip” (Fig. 2 .10 ).The labrum forms the roof of the preoral cavity and mouth (Fig. 3 .14 ) and covers the base of themandibles; it may be formed from fusion of parts of apair of ancestral appendages. ... composed of appendages of segments 8 and 9; (c) transverse section through the ovipositor of a katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). T 1 –T 10 , terga of first to tenth segments; S2–S8, sterna of ... The left wings of a range of insects showing some of the major wing modifications: (a) fore wing of a butterfly of Danaus(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae); (b) fore wing of a dragonfly of Urothemis (Odonata:...
... more than 10 pairs (twothoracic and eight abdominal) (Fig. 3 .11 a), most haveeight or nine, and some have one (Fig. 3 .11 c), two, ornone (Fig. 3 .11 d–f ). Typically, spiracles (Fig. 3 .10 a)have ... byrepeated cycles of amplication of a segment of DNA;ã methods for rapid sequencing of nucleotides of DNAor RNA, and amino acids of proteins;ã the ability to synthesize short sequences of DNA orproteins;ã ... deposition of yolk in a process known as vitel-logenesis; section 5 .11 .1) , and a pedicel (or stalk). Anovariole contains a series of developing oocytes, eachsurrounded by a layer of follicle...
... (19 96) Tympanal hearing in insects.Annual Review of Entomology 41, 433–50.Jacobs, G.A. (19 95) Detection and analysis of air currents bycrickets. BioScience 45, 776 – 85.Further reading 11 1TIC04 ... hygro- for moisture,Fig. 4 .11 The flash patterns of males of a number of Photinus firefly species(Coleoptera: Lampyridae), each of whichgenerates a distinctive pattern of signalsin order to elicit ... communication.]Wood, D.L. (19 82) The role of pheromones, kairomones and allomones in host selection and colonization by barkbeetles. Annual Review of Entomology 27, 411 –46.TIC04 5/20/04 4:47 PM Page 11 2 90 Sensory...
... small-hornedSexual selection 11 7TIC05 5/20/04 4:46 PM Page 11 7 13 8 Reproduction5 .11 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIONThe initiation and termination of some reproductiveevents often depend on environmental ... Oxford.Raabe, M. (19 86) Insect reproduction: regulation of success-ive steps. Advances in Insect Physiology 19 , 29 15 4.Further reading 13 9Fig. 5 .13 A schematic diagram of thehormonal regulation of reproductiveevents ... Williams 19 41; Eberhard 19 85.)TIC05 5/20/04 4:46 PM Page 12 4 11 6 ReproductionBox 5 .1 Courtship and mating in MecopteraSexual behavior has been well studied in hangingflies(Bittacidae) of the...
... above, the value of K can be calculated for each of the experimental tem-peratures from 14 to 36°C:Temperature (°C) 14 16 20 24 28 30 32 34 36K 10 08 2 211 2834 29 21 2866 2755 28 61 3 415 3882Thus, ... After Evans 19 78; (b,c,e,g) after CSIRO 19 70; (d) after Chu 19 49; (h) after Common 19 90; (i)after Common & Waterhouse 19 72; (j) after Palmer 19 14.)TIC06 5/20/04 4:45 PM Page 15 2 15 6 Insect ... inde-pendent of temperature, except at extremes (14 and34–36°C), and averages about 2740 hour-degrees or 11 4 day-degrees between 16 and 32°C.TIC06 5/20/04 4:45 PM Page 16 8 from naïve estimates of increased...
... Page 18 1 200 Insect systematicsRonquist, F. (19 99) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta):the state of the art. Zoologica Scripta 28, 3 11 .Schuh, R.T. (2000) Biological Systematics: Principles ... (beetles) (see also Boxes 10 .6 & 11 .10 )Coleoptera undoubtedly lie amongst early branches of the Endopterygota. The major shared derived feature of Coleoptera is the development of the fore wings ... Phylogenetic relationships of the suborders of Coleoptera (Insecta). Cladistics 16 , 10 3– 41. Bitsch, C. & Bitsch, J. (2000) The phylogenetic interrelation-ships of the higher taxa of apterygote hexapods....
... her eggs; (10 ) wireworm, larva of atenebrionid beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); (11 ) larva of a robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae); (12 ) larva of a soldier fly (Diptera:Stratiomyidae); (13 ) springtail ... (14 ) larva of a weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); (15 ) larva of a muscidfly (Diptera: Muscidae); (16 ) proturan (Protura: Sinentomidae); (17 ) springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae); (18 ) larva of ... & Wichard 19 87.) Chapter 9GROUND-DWELLINGINSECTSTIC09 5/20/04 4:44 PM Page 217 Insects of litter and soil 219 such as mole crickets (as depicted in the vignette of this chapter) , immature...