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... optimization 28 5, 28 7 for cutting force reduction 115, 116, 25 8– 62 Tool life criteria for 130–1 and machine stiffness 134 for maximum productivity 24 –7, 30 2 for minimum cost 27 – 32 monitoring ... 322 –3 fault diagnosis with 323 –4 feed-rate optimization by 320 2 reasons for 318 20 Model-based quantitative monitoring and integration with process planning 313 and optimization of machining 315–16 tool ... in 27 1 2 times and costs 30 2 tool angle definitions 40–1 Minimum cost 27 – 32, 28 8–90 Minor cutting edge 183–4 Model-based systems for simulation and control dimensional error limitation by 322 –3 fault...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... 24 27 25 29 austenitic stainless 14–17 15–18 17 21 22 25 26 29 high manganese 14 16 19 21 22 Aluminium pure, 1000 series 20 0 24 0 20 0 23 0 20 0 22 5 190 22 0 – 20 00 to 7000 series 120 –190 160 20 0 ... 31 0.04–0 .25 C 52 60 48–54 42 45 35–37 29 –30 0 .25 –0.8C 51– 52 46–48 39– 42 33–35 29 –30 0.8–1.2C 45–51 42 46 37–39 32 33 27 29 low alloy 25 –49 30–45 32 40 30–35 27 –30 ferritic stainless 21 24 22 25 23 26 24 27 ... 5.8–6 .2 austenitic stainless 3.5–4.5 4 .2 4.7 4.5–4.8 5 .2 5.5 5.6–5.9 high manganese 3.9 4.6 – – – Aluminium pure, 1000 series 2. 4 2. 7 2. 6 2. 8 2. 6 2. 9 2. 6 2. 9 – 20 00 to 7000 series 2. 1 2. 8 2. 5–3.1...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... equation Equation (A2 .21 ), after differentiation with respect to x, y and z, and equation (A2 .23 ) are substituted into I e (T) of equation A2.19. The variation of I e (T) with respect to T i , T j , T k and ... Appendix 2 Childs Part 3 31:3 :20 00 10: 42 am Page 360 imposing a hydrostatic pressure on the deviatoric stress field. Its size, from slip line field modelling, p 2 in equation (A3.11) with 2y ≈ ... u˘ x in the x- direction. Selected problems, with convection 355 Fig. A2 .2 Some problems relevant to machining: (a) surface heating of a stationary semi-infinite solid; (b) an infinite solid moving...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... material is negligible, the integration of the equilibrium and compatibility equations, under the constraint of the constitutive equations, is simplified by describing the stresses and velocities ... slip-line fields are given in Section A1 .2. 5. A1 .2. 4 Further considerations Slip-line fields must satisfy more than the force and velocity conditions considered in Sections A1 .2. 2 and A1 .2. 3. First, ... slip line, but only if it is of constant size along the line. It is not implied that there is a discontinuity in the condition of the example described here: examples of actual machining slip-line...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... little intelligence to assist decision making. For this purpose, expert systems for determining initial cutting conditions and cutting state monitoring tech- nologies are increasingly being implemented. ... questions, initially in terms of principal stresses and strains (Figure A1.1) concerning (i) what combinations of principal stresses s 1 , s 2 , and s 3 will cause yielding of a metal; (ii) if ... combined with equilibrium and compatibility equations and boundary condi- tions. If the flow is in plane strain conditions and when a metal’s elastic responses and work hardening can be ignored,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... to or instead of heuristic (qualitative) expertise. Then the Optimization of machining conditions 29 3 Childs Part 3 31:3 :20 00 10:38 am Page 29 3 where MT 1 is extreme finishing, MT 2 finishing, ... constraint. Optimization of machining conditions 303 Fig. 9 .21 Fuzzification of a numerical value x ¯ Fig. 9 .22 Fuzzification of a qualitative term, e.g. machining type (Chen et al ., 1995) Childs Part ... 3 31:3 :20 00 10:39 am Page 29 8 Pattern recognition with artificial neural networks It is now known that linear classification, with linear discriminant functions, has only limited use in pattern...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... Critical constraints A constraint, the limit line of which contains the optimum point M V or M d , is called a crit- ical constraint and the limit line a critical line. Two critical constraints ... R ∼ i with membership functions 10 ≤ g i (x) ≤ g ic– g ic+ – g i (x) m i (g i (x)) = { ————— g ic– < g i (x) ≤ g ic+ (9.32a) g i c+ – g ic– 0 g ic+ < g i (x) Optimization of machining conditions ... This is why the tool and cutting conditions must be optimized simultaneously. The simultaneous optimization of tool and cutting conditions is described later, in Section 9.3.4. 9.3 .2 Fuzzy logic...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... path is a straight line (as in Figure 9 .2( a)), it is clear which dimension is Process models 26 9 Fig. 9 .2 Milling process: (a) coordinates and angles in a slice by slice model and (b) the effective ... plastic Cutting edge design 25 9 Fig. 8 .28 Rake face geometries of types I and II cut-away tools Fig. 8 .29 Equivalent plastic strain rate distribution and chip configuration when machining 18%Mn–18%Cr ... coefficient given by the differentiation of the fric- tion characteristic, equation (2. 24c). A further complication in description arises when a chip flows into a cut-away groove in a primary...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... equivalent plastic strain; and (c) σ x in continuous chip formation Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 3:16 pm Page 23 6 24 8 Applications of finite element analysis Fig. 8.17 continued Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 ... The lubrication effect has been considered in Chapter 2 (Figure 2. 23). The deposition of sulphide and other non-metallic inclusions on 24 0 Applications of finite element analysis Fig. 8.11 Isotherms ... machining of a different b- brass, in conditions which give continuous chip formation (Usui et al., 1990); and (3) serrated chip formation in machining a Ti-6Al-4V alloy (Obikawa and Usui, 1996)....

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... flow-chart of the iterative convergence method Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 3:15 pm Page 21 3 22 8 Applications of finite element analysis Fig. 8.1 continued Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 3:16 pm Page 22 8 path closely ... stress modelling 22 3 Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 3:15 pm Page 22 3 The mesh is highly refined in the primary and secondary shear zones, in line with the considerations of Chapter 6. The friction boundary ... conditions Childs Part 2 28:3 :20 00 3:15 pm Page 21 4 at 75 m/min (Figure 8.1(b)) which shows strain rates steadily decreasing with increasing distance from the cutting edge. The distribution...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... by a limiting strain, limiting energy or limiting displacement condition? Figure 7.7 shows the earliest example (Strenkowski and Carrol, 1985), which used a strain-based separation criterion. ... flow: the [B] matrix requires continued updating. This leads to geometrical non-linearities in addition to material non-linearities in the finite element equations. In extreme cases it may become necessary ... Plasticity introduces some changes and large deformations require more care in the detail. Rigid–plastic or elastic–plastic modelling In plastic flow conditions, such as occur in machining and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 17:20

... intermittent, random, or irregular vibration will behave like random vibration and average to zero. Even powerful vibration such as engine inertia and firing effects from a 4-cylinder ... it is difficult to achieve high speeds at low cost. The alternative, line elimination and resynthesis, is based on the standard FFT routines which are fast and efficient and ... then give an indication of the problem cause, especially if there is an external load or speed variation. 9.7 Band and line filtering and resynthesis In many vibration signals...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

... intermittent, random, or irregular vibration will behave like random vibration and average to zero. Even powerful vibration such as engine inertia and firing effects from a 4-cylinder ... complications if there are other significant vibrations at neighbouring frequencies. Another technique sometimes mentioned is correlation (or whitewashing) which consists of multiplying a signal ... frequencies. power effective bandwidth power distribution at all frequencies frequency Fig 9.5 Frequency analysis with finite bandwidth. 150 Chapter 9 original signal window shape signal finally analysed Fig ...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

... easy possibilities. As often in engineering there is a law of diminishing returns and it is only possible to get dramatic 10 dB or 15 dB reductions in the initial stages. 10 .2 Improving ... natural frequency and size should remain constant. Typically a 25 % increase in all dimensions should give a 20 % reduction in natural frequencies provided geometric similarity is maintained. ... problem is and what the financial implications are of a given set of changes. In the middle of a high adrenaline situation with installation design blaming "lousy gears" and...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

... easy possibilities. As often in engineering there is a law of diminishing returns and it is only possible to get dramatic 10 dB or 15 dB reductions in the initial stages. 10 .2 Improving ... understanding of what the problem is and what the financial implications are of a given set of changes. In the middle of a high adrenaline situation with installation design blaming ... vibrations. As with all 3-dimensional isolation it is important that lateral or vertical vibration and torsional vibration modes are decoupled to prevent interactions. This is ...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 09:20