pathophysiology common diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

... hear, and to distinguish the ugly and the beautiful, the bad and the good, pleasant and unpleasant It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail ... disorders and diseases of the brain, the advances in brain research provide hope in the form of their own understanding of what is going wrong and in the form of advances in novel therapies which ... volumes of the head and medial surface of the hippocampus and the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the amygdala Volumes of these subregions declined with age in the GTS group but not in controls, so the...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... coverage of disorders of the auditory system emphasizing the interaction between pathologies of the middle ear and the cochlea and the function of the nervous system and vice versa Hyperactive disorders ... understanding of the anatomy and function of the ear and the auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on the anatomy ... original work on the different subjects Understanding of the anatomy and the function of the auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology of the auditory system are essential...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... at the entrance of the ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place of the head The effect of the head on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area of the tympanic membrane and the area of the stapes footplate, but the lever ratio of the middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas of the BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light of the FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements of the umbo, the head of the stapes and the lenticular process of the incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... between the classical and the non-classical auditory pathways While the ICC is a part of the classical ascending auditory system the ICX and the DC are parts of the non-classical auditory system The ... in the ventral parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions of the MGB receive their ... of the fourth ventricle (Fig 5.15B) [72] The other part of the olivocochlear system projects mainly to the contralateral cochlea and the fibers of that system travel deeper in the brainstem The...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... The caudal portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency of the first peak in the dipole and the length is the relative strength of the dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II of the ABR) and the third...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... and standard error of the mean are shown as a function of the intensity of the noise The TTS was measured 20 s after the end of the exposure In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band ... basis of the elevation of the hearing threshold in disorders of the middle ear and the cochlea but the effect on the function of the nervous system may affect speech discrimination Impairment of speech ... to formation of new bone Now, the common treatment of otosclerosis is replacement of the middle-ear bones by a prosthesis 212 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology 7.1 Disorders of the Brainstem Auditory Pathways Disorders that affect the brainstem nuclei of the auditory system and which ... coherence of the nerve activity that reaches the cochlear nucleus The growth of the amplitude of the reflex response is reduced in 242 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology ... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening of the tuning of the basilar membrane broadens the “slices” of the spectrum of broad band sounds from which the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... tinnitus and abnormal perception of sounds such as hyperacusis and phonophobia) are some of the most diverse and complex disorders of the auditory system and their causes are often obscure Often ... conceived the “vocoder” for 274 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology spectral bands of the visual spectrum The three kinds of photo pigment that are present in the ... determined on the basis of the output of 16 band-pass filters The output of the six band-pass filters with the largest amplitudes is coded in the impulses that are applied to the electrodes in the cochlea...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2016, 13:26

... parts of the world the primary source of animal protein for humans is finfish The intensive culture of finfish has grown significantly since the 1980s partly because of the dramatic decline in the ... predators Ease of daily observation of stocks for better management and early detection and treatment of parasites and diseases Reduces fish handling and mortalities Easy fish harvest Storage and transport ... and made up of synthetic netting of nylon or polythene fibres reinforced at the corners with polythene ropes The nets are kept stretched vertically with weights at the bottom of the cage or fastened...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 17:20

... recoil of the lung (Fig 2) [9] The kyphotic curvature of the spine and the anteroposterior diameter of the chest increase with aging, thereby decreasing the curvature of the diaphragm and thus ... in the compliance of the chest wall, the lung, and the respiratory system between an ‘‘ideal’’ 20-year-old (A) and a 60-year-old subject (B) Note increase in RV and FRC and decrease in slope of ... [37,38] Myasthenia gravis is another cause of respiratory muscle weakness, although encountered less commonly Changes in the lung parenchyma and peripheral airways The human respiratory system is...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... tubular horn of the wall and sole Disorders of the corium lead to the production of defective white line cement, which predisposes to separation of the sole from the wall and allows entry of small ... ankylosis, and then continue a productive life Disorders of the digital skin and heels Whereas hoof disorders arise from the corium and are largely managemental in origin, diseases of the interdigital ... between the rigid hoof wall and the movement of the flexible heel during locomotion A variety of white line abscesses are seen, depending on both the initial site of penetration of the infection and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:20

... of the major publications in the field of the diagnosis and control of bovine conditions and diseases In this edition captions have been added to the illustrations for easier orientation of the ... discomfort and pyrexia, with erythema and encrustation around the margins of the nostrils (3.3) and erythema of the teats (3.4), as in this Simmental cow The teats are very painful and may later ... Lesions are commonly seen over the head and neck (3.25), but they may occur on any part of the body They consist of circular areas of alopecia in which the skin is thickened and often markedly...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 22:21

... in the design of the study, and collected the data during the experiments BL and PG analysed the data and performed the statistical analysis VD participated in the design and the coordination of ... Correlation between PaO2 and static compliance of the respiratory sysand static compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) conditions of the present study, but may not be warranted in the clinical setting ... level of PaO2 was obtained at a PEEP of 20 and 15 cm H2O Because one of the goals of PEEP is to reach an arterial saturation greater than 90% at the lowest possible FiO2, the monitoring of arterial...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:22

... human and rat CB1 receptor The CB2 antibody was raised against a sequence between the N-terminal and the first transmembrane domain of the protein of the human and rat CB2 receptor The specificity of ... marrow stem cells, are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system They play a central role in the initiation of primary immune response and in the enhancement of secondary immune ... for AEA, PalEtn and 2AG, respectively Analysis of cannabinoid receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase To determine the presence of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and of the fatty acid...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 07:20

... The spin axes of the Sun and the planets 7.4.1 Spin axes and the Solar Nebula Theory 7.4.2 Spin axes and the Modern Laplacian Theory 7.4.3 Spin axes and the Accretion Theory 7.4.4 Spin axes and ... Newton the basic structure of the solar system and the laws that govern the motions of the bodies within it have been well understood One central body, the Sun, containing most of the mass of the system ... picture of the origin and evolution of the solar system is the Capture Theory developed by the author and colleagues since the early 1960s This explains the basic structure of the solar system...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 13:35

... Introduction The disease of respiratory system is one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization of infants and children Basic knowledge of the development and functions of respiratory system ... of respiratory system are essential to understand many of these respiratory tract diseases 1.Anatomical characteristics of respiratory system (1) The upper airway nose; paranasal sinuses; pharynx; ... When the child begins to stand up and walk the diaphram decline gradually to the level of 5th intercostal space (2) Type of respiration In infant → abdominal respiration After the child stands...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 09:20

... 90–15) and 255 (M+ – 131) The loss of mass 131 results from the scission of the C1–C2 and C4–C5 bonds Figure 4C illustrates mass spectra of isolated 7-DHP-MO-TMS, and the synthesized standard The ... (Invitrogen), and the isolation of RNA followed the manufacture’s protocol The synthesis of first-strand cDNA was performed using the Superscript preamplification system (Invitrogen) Either lg of total ... investigation on the cutaneous expression of each of the components of the P450scc enzymatic system In addition, we tested reconstituted and mitochondrial P450scc systems for their ability to...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... The spin axes of the Sun and the planets 7.4.1 Spin axes and the Solar Nebula Theory 7.4.2 Spin axes and the Modern Laplacian Theory 7.4.3 Spin axes and the Accretion Theory 7.4.4 Spin axes and ... Newton the basic structure of the solar system and the laws that govern the motions of the bodies within it have been well understood One central body, the Sun, containing most of the mass of the system ... picture of the origin and evolution of the solar system is the Capture Theory developed by the author and colleagues since the early 1960s This explains the basic structure of the solar system...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:26

... deeper understanding of the intimate co-evolution of pathogens and the immune system 10 11 12 13 14 Acknowledgements The author’s research is supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, the Medical ... pathogens demanding conflicting response patterns, the fine-tuning effect of multiple allelic variants allows the immune system to be variably calibrated across the population In the absence of infection, ... to the development of damaging immune reactions in autoimmunity and allergy The identification of precise genetic variants controlling both parasite susceptibility and immunopathology offers the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 19:20