... ofstring manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com-paring, and concatenating strings.Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules ... 246Defining Methods 248Defining Objects 250 Using Objects 252 Pointers to Objects 254Structs 256Unions 258Exercise 260Solution 262Chapter 14 Methods 265Constructors 266Constructor Calls ... Reference Type 228Defining Pointers 230The Indirection Operator 232 Pointers as Parameters 234Exercises 236Solutions 238Chapter 13 Defining Classes 243The Class Concept 244Defining Classes...
... polymorphicclasses. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphicclass hierarchies is introduced.Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create ... ofstring manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com-paring, and concatenating strings.Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules ... advanced uses of pointers. Theseinclude pointersto pointers, functions with a variable number of arguments, and pointers to functions. In addition, an application that defines a class used to...
... string 153Defining and Assigning Strings 154Concatenating Strings 156Comparing Strings 158Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160Searching and Replacing in Strings 162Accessing Characters in ... Strings 164Exercises 166Solutions 168Chapter 10 Functions 171Significance of Functionsin C+ + 172Defining Functions 174Return Value of Functions 176 Passing Arguments 178Inline Functions ... introduces comments. Strings enclosed in /* . . . */ or start-ing with // are interpreted as comments.EXAMPLES:/* I can coverseveral lines */// I can cover just one line In single-line comments...
... polymorphicclasses. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphicclass hierarchies is introduced.Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create abstract classesand ... advanced uses of pointers. Theseinclude pointersto pointers, functions with a variable number of arguments, and pointers to functions. In addition, an application that defines a class used to ... replacing, com-paring, and concatenating strings.Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules are covered,as are passing arguments, the definition of inline functions, ...
... 736Exercises 738Solutions 742Chapter 33 Containers 749Container Types 750Sequences 752Iterators 754Declaring Sequences 756Inserting in Sequences 758Accessing Objects 760Length and Capacity ... (properties) and functions (capacities). A class defines acertain object type by defining both the properties and the capacities of the objects ofthat type. Objects communicate by sending each other ... programming (or OOP for short),which are:■ data abstraction, that is, the creation of classes to describe objects■ data encapsulation for controlled access to object data■ inheritance by creating...
... accompanying member functions andglobal functions, which do not belong to any single particular class. Each function fulfillsits own particular task and can also call other functions. You can ... The characterset defines which code represents a certain character. When displaying characters onscreen, the applicable character codes are transmitted and the “receiver,” that is thescreen, ... Code for Informa-tion Interchange) is used. This 7-bit code contains definitions for 32 control characters(codes 0 – 31) and 96 printable characters (codes 32 – 127).The char (character) type...
... TYPES (CONTINUED)■21ᮀ Floating-Point TypesNumbers with a fraction part are indicated by a decimal point in C+ + and are referred to as floating-point numbers. In contrast to integers, floating-point ... floating-point numbers must be stored to a preset accuracy. The following three types are available for calculations involvingfloating-point numbers:float for simple accuracydouble for double accuracylong ... string can occupy two lines is another new feature. Stringconstants separated only by white spaces will be concatenated to form a single string. To continue a string in the next line you can also...
... the variable has changed since it was last accessed. The compiler thereforecreates machine code to read the value of the variable whenever it is accessed instead ofrepeatedly using a value that ... 32■CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES, CONSTANTS, AND VARIABLES// Circumference and area of a circle with radius 2.5#include <iostream> using namespace std;const double pi = 3.141593;int main(){double ... specific use.EXAMPLES: c, ch for charactersi, j, k, l, m, n for integers, in particular indicesx, y, z for floating-point numbers To improve the readability of your programs you should choose...
... cinand cout streams. cin is an object of the istream class and cout an object of theostream class. 40■CHAPTER 3 USINGFUNCTIONS AND CLASSES■DECLARING FUNCTIONS Example of a function prototypeThe ... technique. 42■CHAPTER 3 USINGFUNCTIONS AND CLASSES// Calculating powers with// the standard function pow()#include <iostream> // Declaration of cout#include <cmath> // Prototype ... fileCopyCopymyheader.hHeader fileapplication.cppSource file// Declaration// of cin, cout,// . . .#include <iostream>#include "myheader.h"int main(){ int a; . . . cin...
... illustrates.ᮀ Calling MethodsAll the methods defined as public within the corresponding class can be called for anobject. In contrast to calling a global function, a method is always called for ... file, cname, which declares the same identifiers in the std namespace. Including the file math.h is thus equivalent to Example: #include <cmath> using namespace std;The string.h or cstring ... strings.#include <iostream> // Declaration of cin, cout#include <string> // Declaration of class string using namespace std;int main(){// Defines four strings:string prompt("What is your...
... precisionSample programManipulator EffectsSets the precision to n.Returns the used precision.int precision (int n);int precision() const;Manipulator EffectsGenerates a decimal point charactershown ... Declarations of cin, cout and using namespace std; // manipulators oct, hex, int main(){int number;cout << "Please enter an integer: ";cin >> number;cout << uppercase // ... EffectsReturns the minimum field width usedSets the minimum field width to nReturns the fill character usedSets the fill character to chint width() const;int width(int n);int fill() const;int...
... FORMATTED INPUT OF NUMBERS■73ᮀ Inputting IntegersYou can use the hex, oct, and dec manipulators to stipulate that any charactersequence input is to processed as a hexadecimal, octal, or decimal ... possible to output the character code for a character. In this case the charactercode is stored in an int variable and the variable is then output.Example: int code = '0';cout << code; ... the character 'X' is stored in the variable ch.An input field is terminated by the first white space character or by the first characterthat cannot be processed.Example: int i;cin...
... Manipulator setw() using namespace std;int main(){unsigned char c = 0;unsigned int code = 0;cout << "\nPlease enter a decimal character code: ";cin >> code; c = code; ... <iostream>#include <iomanip> // Manipulator setw()#include <string> // Class string using namespace std;int main(){string word; // To read a word.// char ch; is not needed.// cout ... outputcout << "\nThe corresponding character: " << c << endl;code = c; // Character code. Is only// necessary, if input is > 255.cout << "\nCharacter codes"<<...