... Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dictionary of Material Science and HighEnergyPhysics / edited by Dipak Basu.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-8493-2889-6 (alk. paper)
1. Particles (Nuclear Physics) —Dictionaries. ... between atomic states.
atomic spectra The characteristic radiation
observed when atoms radiate in the optical fre-
quencies. Because atoms exist in well defined,
discrete quantum energy states, ... The action
of a on that state produces a state with one less
particle, hence the label annihilation operator.
If n= 0, i.e., the vacuum state, then |0 > is an
eigenstate of a.
(2) In quantum...
... (not
shown) indicates that the inhibitors adopt similar con-
formations in the active site. The PEX hydroxamate
mimics the enol-keto resonance structure of the 2-cis-
enediol high- energy intermediate proposed ... further comment. Hanau et al. [21]
showed that 6PG activates decarboxylation of a sub-
strate mimic, 6-phospho-3-keto-2-deoxygluconate, sug-
gesting that occupancy of one active site has an
influence ... observed and calcu-
lated structure-factor amplitudes, respectively, a
calc
phases calculated on the basis of atomic coordinates of the model but excluding the
substrate. 6PG atomic positions are...
... surface water, to mention only a few aspects, in addition to the energy necessary to keep the
system operating, the consumption of raw materials and energy and related emissions could be so high ... damages: if such more appropriate threshold concentration is assumed for asbestos then the estimated amount
of asbestos-bearing rocks in excavation material would be much higher than 170,000 m
3
. ... traffic per year, translating into a
total of 350 trains per day, one train every 4 minutes at the speed of 150 km/h, alternating with passenger trains at
300 km/h.
The costs that are officially...
... United States.
To illustrate the energy scale of the highenergy density regime, some of the
systems that deliver the energy in highenergy density laboratory experiments in the
United States can ... facilities.
High energy density experiments span a wide range of areas of physics, including
plasma physics, laser and particle beam physics, material science and condensed
matter physics, nuclear physics, ... for investi-
gating highenergy density physics phenomena.
f. Recommendation on university and national laboratory collaboration
It is recommended that the Department of Energy s National Nuclear...
... temperatures of
superconducting materials, Tc. For high- temperature superconducting materials such as
YBCO, the operating temperature is around that of liquid nitrogen, 77 K, and for low-
temperature ... (I-V) curves at temperatures between 6 and 294 K.
3. High- frequency and high- speed operation
The high- frequency response of a UTC-PD module at low temperature is important. We
evaluated this ... device operated at -5 V and
10.3 Gb/s with PRBS of 2
31
-1 word length at 1.3 m wavelength.
2
Evaluation of Uni-Traveling Carrier
Photodiode Performance at Low
Temperatures and Applications...
... Isolated Large Transverse Energy
Electrons with Associated Missing Energy, Physics Letters B, Vol 122, No. 1, pp.
103-116.
Banner, M. et al. (1983), Observation of Single Isolated Electrons of High ... Table 7 gives the CGM structures
for the third generation of leptons and quarks.
14
Particle Physics
The Generation Model of ParticlePhysics 15
particle structure Q p g
τ
+
TTTΠΠ +1 +10,±2
tTT
¯
VΠΠ ... = -1 indicates that the K
0
L
meson can
decay to the charged 2π system without violating CP conservation. Moreover, the estimated
decay rate is in good agreement with experimental data (Amsler...
... quantized radiation field that is an
eigenstate of the annihilation operator (see an-
nihilation operator) for a given mode of the ra-
diation field.
cold atoms Atoms whose translational ki-
netic energy ... three equations and three unknowns.
bound state An eigenstate of distinct energy
that a particle occupies when its energy E<V
of a potential well that confines it near the force
center creating ... refrigerator, also
called a Carnot refrigerator or an ideal refrigera-
tor, operating between a cold temperature reser-
voir at absolute temperature T
c
and a high tem-
perature exhaust reservoir at...
... considered as either creating or annihilating
this particle out of or into the vacuum state. The
destruction (annihilation) operator is the Her-
metian conjugate of the creation operator.
detailed balance ... operator (1) Abstract operator
that diminishes quanta of energy or particles in
Fock space by one unit. Also known as an anni-
hilation or lowering operator in some contexts.
See also creation ... appropriate order.
delta ray A lowenergy electroncreated from
the ionization of matter by an energetic charged
particle passing through the material. Delta
rays, however, have sufficient energy...
... an energy eigenstate do not change with
time. Hence, such states are also called station-
ary states.
energy eigenvalue The value of the energy
of a system in an energy eigenstate.
energy equation ... absorb energy from the travers-
ing particle causing an energy loss. The energy
loss can be calculated using the Bethe–Bloch
equation.
energy momentum conservation The con-
servation of both energy ... interferometry.
Flowmapofa1cmsphere in air and water.
fluctuation-dissipationtheorem Fundamen-
tal concept in statistical mechanics stating that
the microscopic processes that underlie the re-
laxational or dissipative return of...
... This law helped to confirm the atomic
nature of matter.
1. Generator of translations in space:
For a wave function (r,t) that satisfies
Schrödinger’s equation and that can be ex-
panded in a Taylor ... (ν)/I
sat
(ν)
,
where g
o
(ν) is unsaturatedgain, I(ν)isthe pho-
ton flux, and I
sat
(ν) is the saturated photon flux
at frequency ν. In a homogeneously broad-
ened medium, gain saturation causes spatial
holeburning, ... number of particles in a state of
energy E
s
.
grand unification Physics attempts to ex-
plain natural phenomenon in terms of a set of
fundamental axioms. It is the general goal of
physics to...
... sluice gates where the velocities
are very high. They are also observed in sinks
or bathtubs when the tap water comes down at
certain rates. Hydraulic jumps can be used as
dissipaters of energy ... type atoms in the same type of material
creates the p-n junction in this laser. The thresh-
old current density of this laser is very high at
room temperature, therefore it is operated at a
low ... Namely, the kinetic energy of the initial-state
particles is not the same as the kinetic energy of
the final-state particles. When additional kinetic
energy is produced in the final state, the reaction
is...
... postu-
lated that the negative energy state of a vacuum
is completely filled byelectrons so that the Pauli
exclusion principle prohibits the invasion of the
positive energyelectron into thenegative energy
region.
Knight ... gradients in
a flow field.
kinetic energy A form of energy associated
with motion. Every moving particle has kinetic
energy. The kinetic energy of a non-relativistic
particle with mass m and speed ... func-
tions located at the lattice sites. The problem is
soluble in closed form and can be extended to
more than one atom per unit cell. It has the in-
teresting feature that the energy gap at a Bragg
reflection...