ngram language model wiki

... 5-gram/2-SLM+2-gram/4-SLM+5- gram/PLSA language model improves both signif- icantly. Bear in mind that Charniak et al. (2003) in- tegrated Charniak’s language model with the syntax- based translation model Yamada and ... Large language models in ma- chine translation. The 2007 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 858-867. E. Charniak. 2001. Immediate-head parsing for language models. ... Dis- tributed language modeling for N-best list re-ranking. The 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natu- ral Language Processing (EMNLP), 216-223. Y. Zhang, 2008. Structured language models for...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... Goodman. 2001. A bit of progress in language modeling. Computer Speech and Language. R. Kneser and H. Ney. 1995. Improved backing-off for m-gram language modeling. In International Confer- ence ... Bauman Peto. 1995. A hierarchical Dirichlet language model. Natural Lan- guage Engineering, 1(3):1–19. Y.W. Teh. 2006. A hierarchical Bayesian language model based on Pitman-Yor processes. In Proceed- ings ... sure the probabilities are normalized. The interpolated models always incorporate the lower or- der distribution Pr(c|b) whereas the back-off models consider it only when the n-gram abc has not been observed...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... -gram language models are com- pressed into 10 GB, which is comparable to a lossy representation (Talbot and Brants, 2008). 2 N -gram Language Model We assume a back-off N-gram language model ... language model structure and word iden- tifiers. In Proc. of ICASSP 2003, volume 1. A. Stolcke. 1998. Entropy-based pruning of backoff language models. In Proc. of the ARPA Workshop on Human Language ... representation with block compression. N-gram language models of 42.65GB were compressed to 18.37GB. Finally, the 8-bit quantized N -gram language models are represented by 9.83GB of space. Table...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... statistical language modeling, and language identification. A typical LID system is illustrated in Figure 1 (Zissman, 1996), where language dependent voice tokenizers (VT) and lan- guage models ... Tokenization at different resolutions 2.2 n-gram Language Model With the sequence of tokens, we are able to es- timate an n-gram language model (LM) from the statistics. It is generally agreed ... the 1996 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation database. 1 Introduction Spoken language and written language are similar in many ways. Therefore, much of the research in spoken language identification,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 15:20

... efficient. 5 Experiments 5.1 Training Data for the Language Model We used the EDR Japanese Corpus Version 1.0 (EDR, 1991) to train the language model. It is a corpus of approximately 5.1 million ... dictionary. 3.2 Word Model for Unknown Words We defined a statistical word model to assign a rea- sonable word probability to an arbitrary substring in the input sentence. The word model is formally ... correction candidate is selected by the word segmentation algo- rithm using the OCR model and the language model. For simplicity, we will present the method as if it were for an isolated word...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... Derivational Model. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Workshop, 272-277. ARPA. Raymond Lau, Ronald Rosenfeld, and Salim Roukos. 1993. Trigger-based language models: a maximum ... 2 P(wk/Wk-ITk 1) = P(wjho) models, re- ferred to as H and h, respectively; h0 is the previous exposed (headword, POS/non-term tag) pair; the parses used in this model were those assigned man- ... word wk and they were implemented using the Maximum Entropy Model- ing Toolkit 1 (Ristad97). The constraint templates in the {W,H} models were: 4 <= <*>_<*> <7>; P- <=...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 03:20

... domain- specific and non-domain-specifc language models, for each sentence of the text source used to produce the latter language model. We show that this produces better language models, trained on less data, ... approach to statistical language modeling for Chinese. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Informa- tion Processing, 1(1):3–33. Dietrich Klakow. 2000. Selecting articles from the language model training ... language model, we score them by the difference of the cross-entropy of a text seg- ment according to the in-domain language model and the cross-entropy of the text segment accord- ing to a language...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... its original parame- ters are given by the basic language modeling approach calculation. Figure 2. HMM model for EM IR We define our HMM model as a four-tuple, {S,A,B,π}, where S is a ... calculated with the simple language modeling approach. Even if the query term is not in the document, it will be assigned a small value according to the basic language modeling method. The rest ... states take much time for one run, we firstly apply a basic language modeling method to reduce our docu- ment set. This language modeling method will be detailed at Section 3.1. Based on the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... Discriminative Language Model with Pseudo-Negative samples We propose a novel discriminative language model; a Discriminative Language Model with Pseudo- Negative samples (DLM-PN). In this model, pseudo-negative ... propose a novel discrim- inative language model, which can be ap- plied quite generally. Compared to the well known N-gram language models, dis- criminative language models can achieve more accurate ... correctly. 2 Previous work Probabilistic language models (PLMs) estimate the probability of word strings or sentences. Among these models, N-gram language models (NLMs) are widely used. NLMs approximate...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... applicable to various language families including agglutinative languages (Korean, Turkish, Finnish), highly inflected languages (Russian, Czech) as well as semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew). ... inferred. We would like to thank Martin Franz for discussions on language model building, and his help with the use of ViaVoice language model toolkit. References Beesley, K. 1996. Arabic Finite-State ... Prefix*-Stem-Suffix* 3 Morpheme Segmentation 3.1 Trigram Language Model Given an Arabic sentence, we use a trigram language model on morphemes to segment it into a sequence of morphemes...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... Preliminary experiments We have experimented with three language models, tri-gram model (TRI), bi-gram model (BI), and the proposed model (DEP) on a raw corpus extracted from KAIST corpus ... useful than the naive word sequences of n-gram, for language modeling. We are planning to experiment the perfor- mance of the proposed language model for large corpus, for various domains, and ... Based n-gram Models of Natural Language& quot;. Computational Linguistics, 18(4):467-480. C. Chang and C. Chen. 1996. "Application Is- sues of SA-class Bigram Language Models"....

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... The language processor consists of a language model and a parser. The language model properly integrates the unification grammar and the Markov language model, while the parser is defined based ... language processor has been developed and tested on a small lexicon, a Markov language model, and a simple set of unification grammar rules for the Chinese language, although the present model ... summarized. The Laneua~e Model The goal of the language model is to participate in the selection of candidate constituents for a sentence to be identified. The proposed language model is composed...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... a statistical language model and a measure of tense difficulty. 4.1 The language model The lexical difficulty of a text is quite an elaborate phenomenon to parameterise. The logistic regres- sion models ... linguistic unit to consider. The equations introduced above use 21 6.1 The language model: probabilities and smoothing For our language model, we need a list of French lemmas with their frequencies of ... B2 C1 C2 Mean PO model 91% 91% 67% 68% 53% 55% 56% 86% 68% 70% MLR model 93% 90% 69% 51% 59% 56% 64% 88% 73% 71% Table 2: Mean adjacent accuracy per level for PO model and MLR model (on the test...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... and the language model can be easily extended, improving the results. The tagger has been tested and evaluated on the WSJ corpus. 1 Introduction In NLP, it is necessary to model the language ... kinds of constraints are unrestricted, and the language model can be easily extended. The structure of the tagger is presented in figure 1. Language Model . I~:.i:;:;~: I / le~ed | t wri.e. | ... performed and the results obtained can be found in sections 5 and 6. 2 Language Model We will use a hybrid language model consisting of an automatically acquired part and a linguist-written...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... and Richard Schwartz. 2008. Language and translation model adaptation us- ing comparable corpora. In Proceedings of the Confer- ence on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro- cessing, EMNLP ... Linguistics. Bing Zhao, Matthias Eck, and Stephan Vogel. 2004. Language model adaptation for statistical machine translation with structured query models. In Proceed- ings of the 20th international conference ... across language pairs (English-Dari and English-Pashto). 1 Introduction While much of the focus in developing a statistical machine translation (SMT) system revolves around the translation model...

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