new estimates for burden of disease from water sanitation and hygiene

... incidence of diseases was drawn from a national study which provided estimates of new cases of disease by age and sex groups for the year 1997 [18] In addition, the proportions of cases by disease ... reduction in the burden of disease (DALYs averted) as a result of the intervention Following the Global Burden of Disease methodology [32-34], the burden of disease for an individual of sex s dying ... distribution and incidence of diseases as the country as a whole The number of treatments for each disease was determined by incidence and the health seeking behaviour of the population Information...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:22

... the contribution of a range of risk factors, such as malnutrition, smoking and lack of access to water and sanitation, to the burden of disease Assessing the burden of disease from indoor air ... responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease In high-mortality developing countries, it accounted for 3.7% of the burden of disease, making it the most important ... environment, energy and finance sectors to set priorities for preventive action and to assess performance of policies over time In the context of limited resources, the burden of disease information should...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20

... logarithm of the published RR estimates as the entered means of the distribution and the standard errors of these RR estimates derived from the published 95% CIs (Table I) For each of the output ... contribution of ALRIs in children under years, and COPD and lung cancer in adults aged 30 years and older, to the total attributable burden is shown in Fig The burden of disease attributed to the use of ... contribution of Associate Professor Theo Vos of the University of Queensland, School of Population Health We thank him not only for providing technical expertise and assistance, but also for his enthusiasm...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... (Swaziland) to 27.54 (The Netherlands) physicians per nurse or midwife On the other hand, the differences in terms of burden of disease are also dramatic, from a country with a burden of disease of ... DALYs and the DALYs for each of the three groups of diseases associated with the burden of disease (i.e communicable, non-communicable and injuries) were obtained from the WHO Health Statistics and ... for Health 2011, 9:4 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/9/1/4 25% of the global burden of disease, while the Americas have 37% of the health workers and only 10% of the burden of disease...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study was commissioned by The World Bank in the early 1990s to provide a comprehensive assessment of disease burden in 1990 from over 100 diseases and injuries, and from ... Global Burden of Disease 2000 Study The initial Global Burden of Disease Study represented a quantum leap in the global and regional quantification of the impact of diseases, injuries and risk ... assessments For the Global Burden of Disease 2000 Study, a more refined approach was followed Estimates of disease and injury burden were first developed for each individual Member State of WHO (191...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... a minimum cutset for this output node Then it finds all of node sets with two nodes (the output node and one of its adjacent nodes that it is not an input node) and for each of them deletes all ... should be performed and in each repetition of the algorithm, only one of them is considered as output node of the graph i≤L Yes Yes k ≤ n-m-1 Yes u

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2014, 19:35

... DALYs for the disease in 2002 The global data were obtained from the WHO database1, www.who.int/evidence, under Burden of Disease Project”, and “Global Burden of Disease Estimates , or from Annex ... provides timely new estimates of burden of disease from modifiable environmental risk factors Even more recently, WHO developed a framework for a much more rigorous approach to burden of disease estimations ... that environmental factors account for 31% of the global disease burden of lung cancer and 30% (6—55%) of the disease burden in developed countries, for both men and women In developing countries,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Cardiovascular Diseases Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Major Diseases of Children Population ... Leading Diseases and Total Burden of Disease Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Site-Specific Cancers Individual and Joint Contributions of ... methodological, and empirical basis of burden of disease assessments and the assessment of the disease and injury burden from major risk factors (Ezzati and others 2004; Murray and others 2002;...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 12:20

... Therefore in Section WHO estimates of the burden of disease attributable to environmental lead exposure are presented Similarly in section 10 and 11 estimates are given of the burden of disease ... Survey for England (2002) reported rates of doctor diagnosed asthma of 20.5% in 0-15 year olds and 14.5% for all ages The burden of disease attributable to environmental pollution The burden of disease ... environmental burden of disease at national and local levels Geneva: WHO, 2003 (WHO Environmental burden of disease series, number 1) WHO Burden of Disease Project: 2001 mortality and DALYs Geneva:...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... the University of Toronto and the Health Professionals Task Force of the International Joint Commission The Toronto Environment Office provided the estimates of the contribution of traffic-related ... underestimate of the true burden of illness resulting from exposure to the combined mix of pollutants This analysis likely underestimates the true burden of illness given the limited number of morbidity ... affordable, operates efficiently, offers choice of transport mode, and supports a vibrant economy; and limits emissions and waste, minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources, re-uses and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... outcome, measured in DALYs Information on disease burdens can be obtained from several sources: a national burden of disease study; WHO “prior estimates of specific disease burdens at the national ... our estimates A fourth source of uncertainty derives from the fact that estimates are provided for only a subset of adverse outcomes For example, estimates of the effects of PM on asthma and ... distribution of deaths to estimate YLL, and the age distribution of onset of disease, duration of disease and severity weight to estimate YLD DALYs are then calculated as the sum of YLL and YLD This...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... 10% of deaths and disease burden globally (Table 6), and around one quarter of deaths and disease burden in children under years of age Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene In 2004, 83% of the ... and unsafe sex Men suffer more than 75% of the burden from addictive substances and most of the burden from occupational risks Women suffer all of the burden from lack of contraception, 80% of ... presented estimates for 22 global risk factors and their attributable estimates of deaths and burden of disease for the year 2000 (1) This report uses updated information from WHO programmes and scientific...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 09:20

... temperatures from 303 to 363 K at a fixed VDS of À5 V Regions A, B and C correspond to hole injection, electron injection and a combination of the two, respectively energy bands and allows for ambipolar ... sum of the electron and hole barriers is equal to the semiconductor band gap In the data of Fig 7, this sum is below the 1.17 eV band gap value of silicon which would be expected from the sum of ... the surface of the wire to a concentration of  1012 cmÀ2 and mirrored in the metal The barrier lowering for this concentration at a distance of nm from the MS interface, enough for appreciable...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:14

... distribution of burden of disease 42 16 Leading causes of burden of disease 42 17 The disease and injury burden for women 46 18 The growing burden of noncommunicable disease 47 19 The unequal burden of ... distribution of burden of disease 42 Leading causes of burden of disease 42 The disease and injury burden for women 46 The growing burden of noncommunicable ... sections presented estimates of numbers of new and current cases for various diseases and injuries A disease or injury may have multiple disabling effects of various levels of severity, and cause varying...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 09:20

... attack of ARF may progress to RHD, but most RHD results from the cumulative damage of repeated attacks.(11,12,13,14) BURDEN OF DISEASE The “big three” communicable diseases – malaria, HIV and tuber- ... Yet RHD remains the most common form of cardiac diseases simply add to this enormous health burden for the average disease in children and young adults in Africa and a major public child health ... health and education combined.(2,99) On average 15% of the GDP the early nineties, and has taught local cardiologists how to the of African states is in the form of foreign aid, yet the cost of ser-...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 11:20

... in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was estimated for 26 major risk factors by age, sex, and disease, worldwide and for each of 14 world regions The burden of disease ... global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, ... adults, mortality from lung cancer, and mortality from acute respiratory infections in children from to yr of age Attributable numbers of deaths and years of life lost for adults and children (

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... |z(t)| < ε for all t ≥ s, and the zero solution of (8) is stable Thus, the zero solution of (8) is asymptotically stable, and hence the zero solution of (1) is asymptotically stable The proof is complete ... (s) and || ψ || < δ imply |x (t, s, ψ )| < ε for t ≥ s; (2) asymptotically stable, if x (t, s, ψ ) is stable and for any ε >0 and s ≥ 0, there lim exists a δ = δ (ε, s) >0 such that ψ Î C (s) and ... the solution of (2) can be defined Next, we state some definitions of the stability Definition 2.1 For any ψ C(s) The zero solution of (1) is said to be (1) stable, if for any ε >0 and s ≥ 0, there...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... existence theorems for PVPs (1.1), (1.3) and a couple of examples to illustrate how our newly developed results work In Sect we focus on the existence of solutions for (1.2) and also an example ... function r(t) = -||x(t) ||2, t Î [0, 1], where x(t) is a solution of (3.6), for the rest part of the proof we proceed as in the proof of Theorem 3.1 Corollary 3.2 Let f be a scalar-valued function ... Xing and Fu: Some new results for BVPs of first-order nonlinear integro-differential equations of volterra type Advances in Difference Equations 2011 2011:14 Submit your manuscript to a journal and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 02:20

... analysis, and multimedia processing and communications He is a registered Professional Engineer of the Province of Ontario He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and serves as the Chair of the Signals and ... time and frequency, therefore it is tempting to try to use it to measure the spread of frequencies with time Unfortunately, the spread of the IF of the WVD is only positive for certain types of ... Shore and R Johnson, “Axiomatic derivation of the principle of maximum entropy and the principle of minimum cross-entropy,” IEEE Trans Inform Theory, vol 26, no 1, pp 26–37, 1980 [28] J Shore and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... issue of cost-effectiveness in PD and we think it is demonstrated that there is a need for formal and informal care of patients Cost and Efficacy of Therapies for Advanced Parkinson's Disease ... accounting for 67% and indirect costs for 33% of the total The main drivers of the burden were informal care and drugs Global costs for the nation were estimated at €1.1 billion per year One of the ... (CAPSIT-PD) and gave advice to add evaluations for cognitive function and quality of life [2] Since then, thousands of papers have been published in the fields of PD and DBS, and clinicians and researchers...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 19:20