managing knowledge in projects

... Management Guidelines TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Project Risk Management Guidelines Managing Risk in Large Projects and ... content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Project risk management guidelines: managing risk in large projects and complex ... performance of industrial processes In 1990 Geoff Raymond joined BHP Engineering, where he developed the Risk Engineering Services and the Waste Management business units, with a focus on the heavy industry...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 03:02

... your skills in building a computerized schedule Similarly, in the business world, managing risk occurs within an organizational context If you ignore this context, your attempts at managing risk ... are fond of quoting William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who at the end of the nineteenth century stated that if you are trying to explain something without including measures, “your knowledge is of ... in Bhopal, India Toxic gas spewed out into the community, killing six thousand people and injuring tens of thousands more In late 1999, the Mars Climate Orbiter crashed into Mars because an inexperienced...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 14:15

... data in which none of that is necessary, a world in which all pipeline datasets are contained in the single table that is their destination or their point of origin In this world, maintaining ... own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own ... enhance systems used in education, finance, health care, insurance, manufacturing, retailing and transportation—all industries in which the authors have had consulting experience In using these methods,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... management losing faith in data warehouse projects As these large projects fell increasingly behind schedule and rose increasingly over budget— something large projects tend to do—the pressure increased ... interested in, two of those components being time periods that may or may not intersect in various ways Continuing on, consider the possibilities involved in joining bi-temporal tables to one another, ... columns In addition, developers were also beginning to create on-line transaction tables by bringing collections of transactions back from off-line storage media, transactions that originally...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... to the point in time we are interested in But the defining feature of reconstructable methods is not the movement of data from off-line to on-line storage The defining feature is the inability ... waiting for the data, and the decisions delayed until the data becomes available In an increasingly fast-paced business world, the opportunity cost of delays in accessing data is increasingly ... retrieve or update multiple rows in tables by coding a loop In doing so, we are writing a procedure; we are telling the computer how to retrieve the rows we are interested in So we wrote these loops,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... designing and maintaining data models that must explicitly define temporal data structures and integrity constraints on them It also relieves developers of the burden of designing, writing and maintaining ... lacking a standard for the PERIOD datatype, we will continue the practice of defining periods of time in terms of their begin and end points in time 59 60 Chapter THE ORIGINS OF ASSERTED VERSIONING: ... by also internalizing them within their target tables In this book, we will show how the use of these internalized managed objects reduces the costs of maintaining databases by replacing external...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... just one kind of internalized pipeline dataset, and the internalization of pipeline datasets can eliminate a large part of the IT maintenance budget by eliminating the need to manage pipeline datasets ... perhaps joining data that the production queries did not have to join, perhaps assembling intermediate results and then combining those intermediate results in various complicated ways In short, ... case in which one of the two time periods is a point in time, i.e is exactly one clock tick in length, and the other one contains two or more clock ticks This point in time may either [intersect]...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... have been using is inadequate, because it only allows us to pick out a “when in effect” point in time We also need to pick out a “when in the life of the data in the table” point in time And ... versioning to the next versioning best practice—temporal gap versioning 85 86 Chapter THE ORIGINS OF ASSERTED VERSIONING: IT BEST PRACTICES Temporal Gap Versioning Let’s begin by looking at the ... constraints on bi-temporal data as that data is maintained, Asserted Versioning makes queries against its tables nearly as easy to write as queries against conventional tables In the final section...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... in Y, which of the multiple rows in X, all representing the same object, is that row in Y dependent on? Which row in X does the foreign key in Y point to? The answer is that the foreign key in ... insert, update or delete transactions, it will seem to them that they are maintaining data in a conventional table This maintenance is not done by writing SQL transactions; it is done by making ... present an in- line notation for single asserted Managing Time in Relational Databases Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375041-9.00006-6 Copyright # 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights of reproduction in any form...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... are known Perhaps in another insurance company, all policies stop being in effect at the end of each calendar year In that case, instead of an effective end date of 12/31/9999 in rows and 3, the ... tick, which indicates what time it is in the example; (ii) A temporal insert, update or delete transaction; (iii) A calendar timeline covering approximately four years, in monthly increments; ... update in ways whose results not reflect what the person writing the updates intended to And they can be difficult to interpret, as we just said Asserted Versioning attempts to eliminate this maintenance...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... them “This end-user confusion and training avoidance demonstrates that managing change for employees is something that is still not fully understood." Managing in today’s organizations means one ... change” include: motivational techniques; team building, coaching, feedback, setting priorities, negotiating priorities, stress management, dealing with conflict, systematic problem-solving, and ... delegation Copyright ©2007 Global Knowledge Training LLC All rights reserved Page 3 Stop thinking of change management as a stand-alone initiative and start accepting it as an everyday reality Managers...

Ngày tải lên: 17/01/2014, 06:20

... Transaction An insert into a non-temporal table is valid just in case a row for the object does not exist in the target table at the time of the insert In the same way, a temporal insert into an asserted ... of “filling in the gap” between those two episodes, merging them into a single episode In this chapter, however, we assume that our temporal insert creates a new episode An episode begin date ... transactions against non-temporal tables insert, update or delete individual rows representing objects, transactions against asserted version tables insert into a period of time, update within a period...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... business key Consequently, we cannot guarantee that each business key points to one and only one object by defining a unique index on it Nor can we simply extend the scope of the index by defining ... Versioning business keys, and physical foreign keys into Asserted Versioning temporal foreign keys However, for organizations using the ERwin data modeling tool, this manual process is unnecessary In ... Asserted Versioning database from the LDM shown in Figure 8.2 As with other figures showing tables, we indicate foreign keys by italicizing the column heading, and primary keys by underlining the column...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... significantly reduces the work involved in maintaining temporal data, and will eliminate the errors that would otherwise inevitably happen as temporal data is maintained Using a framework like the ... $15.” In other words, the row shown in Figure 9.2 has been placed in a temporal container, and is treated as representing the object as it exists within that container, but as saying nothing about ... $15.” In other words, the row shown in Figure 9.2, as included in its first temporal container, has been placed in a second temporal container, and is treated as representing what we claim, within...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... shown in Figure 10.3 Episode C, as we have labeled it, is a single-version episode Of course all episodes, when initially created, are single-version episodes Using the in- line notation introduced ... message back to the calling program But if all goes well, the transaction will continue on, and will update the database In doing so, it will begin by preserving the original state of the version ... integrity or a referential integrity constraint, it will reject that transaction In response, the AVF will stop processing the temporal transaction, undo Managing Time in Relational Databases Doi:...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... deletes as well In addition, instead of requiring the user to write transactions in a proprietary format required by an Application Programming Interface (API) we were developing, the AVF now ... Splitting an Episode {Splitting} an episode is a little more interesting than either {shortening an episode backwards} or {shortening an episode forwards} The reason is that, from the point of ... resulting episodes, {splitting} is {shortening an episode backwards}, while from the point of view of the later of the two resulting episodes, it is {shortening an episode forwards} From the point...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... think is a true statement of what that object is like Whatever semantic differences there may be between accepting, agreeing, assenting, asserting, believing, claiming, knowing, saying and thinking—and ... Without those assumptions, the creation and maintenance of data would be a pointless activity So underlying the activity of creating, maintaining and consuming data lies the matter of what we claim ... Approving a Deferred Assertion 280 Deferred Assertions and Temporal Referential Integrity 284 Glossary References 285 We normally think of inserting a row into a table as the same thing as claiming,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... what information does it contain that would justify retaining it in the database? Well, in fact, a row in empty assertion time is informative The information it contains is information about an intention ... Then, in the next chapter, we will look at several other kinds of pipeline datasets, and the business value of internalizing them as well The Internalization of Pipeline Datasets We begin by introducing ... pipelines whose points of origin are those same tables The points of origin of inflow pipelines may be external to the organization or internal to it; and the data that flows along these pipelines...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... By internalizing these datasets within the production tables whose data they contain, we eliminate the costs of managing them, including the costs of recovering from mistakes made in managing ... anything else In the previous chapter, we showed how to physically internalize one particular kind of pipeline dataset within the production tables which are their destinations or points of origin ... is currently asserted as being currently in effect, this view also contains one row per object In addition, since, at every point in time, the original table contains rows that represent what...

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20