lung x ray and ct

Ngày tải lên: 13/05/2014, 09:20

... Rijnhuizen P.O Box 1207 3430 BE Nieuwegein The Netherlands zoethout@rijnhuizen.nl X- Ray and Neutron Optical Systems A Erko, M Idir, Th Krist, and A.G Michette Abstract Although X- rays and neutrons ... 2002–2006, and describes modern developments in reflective, refractive and diffractive optics for short wavelength radiation as well as recent theoretical approaches to modelling and ray- tracing the X- ray ... practical information on recently invented devices and methods The main objective of the book is to broaden the knowledge base in the field of X- ray and neutron interactions with solid surfaces and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... the flux distribution with respect to five parameters: two positional (x and y with respect to the beam axis or a laboratory reference axis), two angular ( x and δy with respect to the same axis) ... a point (x, y) with respect to the same axis (Fig 3.1): x = x0 + x = x0 + l tan x y = y0 + Δy = y0 + l tan δy (3.1) The speed components with respect to the reference axis are connected to ... Methods for a X- Ray and Neutron Optics SPIE-Proceedings, vol 5536, 2004, pp 61–70 13 A Erko, in X- Ray Optics; Raytracing model of a Zoneplate, ed by B Beckhoff et al Handbook of Practical X- Ray Fluorescence...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... (5.5) (xe , xe , ye , ye )T ≈ A · (xe0 , xe0 , ye0 , ye0 ) + B, where (xe0 , xe0 , ye0 , ye0 )T is the four-vector of initial and instantaneous transverse coordinates and angles of the electron ... ∂U/ x + ∂ U/∂y = 0, in vacuum 2ik ∂U/ x + ∂ U/∂y + k (ε − 1) U = 0, 2 inside WG E (x, y) = U (x, y) exp(ikx), (6.14) (6.15) where U (x, y) is the complex amplitude of the electric field E (x, y) ... Analysis of X- Ray Waveguides S Lagomarsino, I Bukreeva, A Cedola, D Pelliccia, and W Jark Abstract X- ray waveguides are efficient in the generation of nanometre sized beams in the hard X- ray spectral...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... reflection), the function M (x, y) can be expressed asymptotically as a sum of two terms M1 (x, y) ≈ ky π 2x exp i −i πk 2x M2 (x, y) ≈ π 2x θ2 exp ik(θc y − c x) + i πk θc x2 − y , (6.21) θc x( θc ... cross-section profiles just at the WG exit at a distance x = xdif for X = Xmin and X = Xmin /2, respectively As can be seen, for X = Xmin the WG can provide a single mode coherent beam, whilst for X ... proposed 8.1 Introduction All modern high-resolution X- ray microscopes (TXMs) and scanning transmission X- ray microscopes (STXMs) use zone plates as imaging or focusing X- ray optical elements...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... where δ and σ are the bandwidth limited values of the rms values of the slope error (δ) and the roughness (σ) given by [2] 1/W δ = (2π) dfx S1 (fx )fx (9.4) 1/L and 1/λ σ2 = dfx S1 (fx ) (9.5) ... the matrix Q constructed from the eigenvectors This ansatz involves finding the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the complex general matrix M, which contains up to 101 × 101 complex elements ... plane-wave and the planes of the periodically arranged X- ray scattering zone structures If the Bragg condition for an order of diffraction is fulfilled, each zone structure acts as a partly reflecting...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... resolution X- ray imaging on the one hand, and improvement of the spatial quality of collimated X- ray beams on the other hand Applications are, for example, EUV photolithography, X- ray microscopy, ... μrad) 15.4 X- Ray Wavefront Measurements and X- Ray Active Optics The Shack–Hartmann technique is exhaustively used in the IR to UV spectral ranges, where the important diffraction effects limit the ... mounting and the X- ray beam reflecting direction For mirrors reflecting downward an additional bracket with a split retro reflector is added to on the LTP moving head (Fig 10.8) in order to redirect the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... detect the transmitted X- rays and the image is built up pixel (picture element) by pixel The focused X- ray probe can also be used to excite other processes such as photoelectrons and fluorescent X- rays ... sources, XANES X- ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, EXAFS Extended X- ray absorption fine spectroscopy Scanning Full field Table 17.1 Comparison of the features of different types of X- ray microscopy ... the optics and the sample, and are expected to become standard elements in synchrotron beamlines instrumentation in general and in high energy X- ray microscopy in particular 17.2 X- Ray Microscopy...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... not available 18.3.2 X- Ray Diffractometry X- Ray Structure Analysis (Single Crystal Diffractometry) It is important in X- ray structure analysis that the primary radiation directed on a sample consisting ... the X- ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X- ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) XAFS is generally divided into two parts: a near-edge region within some tens of eV above an absorption edge and ... an absorption edge and an extended region well above the edge Near-edge X- ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), also known as X- ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), requires high-energy...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... sources include proximity X- ray lithography, soft X- ray contact microscopy, or micromachining of polymers by direct photoetching Grazing incidence X- ray optics can be used to collect the radiation ... discussed in the text 20 Reflective Optical Structures and Imaging Detector Systems 325 the desired requirements, one can expect that it will be even more favorable for X- rays 20.4.2 Experiments in ... which was already manufactured and tested in both visible light and in X- rays, exhibits the worse peak blurring when tested with visible light as compared with testing with X- rays However, if the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... studied and compared in terms of the interface quality, structure and thermal stability Specular/non-specular X- ray reflectometry, transmission electron microscopy and X- ray and electron diffraction ... study and to compare them in terms of the interface quality and thermal stability Specular/non-specular X- ray reflectometry, transmission electron microscopy and X- ray and electron diffraction ... with the detector fixed at the first Bragg maximum Qz and Qx stand for the vertical and lateral (along the surface) components of the scattering vector (wave vector transfer), respectively (dots...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... (2005) 26 Diffractive-Refractive Optics: X- ray Crystal Monochromators with Profiled Diffracting Surfaces J Hrd´ and J Hrd´ y a Abstract X- ray refractive lenses are now well known and have been used ... of flat response mirrors include X- ray microspectroscopy, X- ray diffraction, XUV polarimetry, and any other technique requiring both high reflectivity and broad bandwidth Importantly, in the recent ... reflectivity profiles Important potential applications of flat response mirrors are X- ray micro-spectroscopy, X- ray diffraction, XUV polarimetry, and any other technique requiring both high reflectivity...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... expected if the diffracting surface is machined into a suitable shape The refraction effect exists also in general asymmetric diffraction (the combination of asymmetric and inclined diffraction) and ... diffraction efficiency of this grating ¯ an average refraction index, δ, of the diffraction structure can be used This index is defined by the material and structural properties of a Bragg reflector, and ... range, synchrotrons, storage rings and X- ray lasers in the future, and on the methods of microelectronics technology that enable fabrication of structures of X- Ray electronic devices with submicron...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... value of extinction depth, tz Extending the definitions, one ext can introduce an extinction depth value for the grating along the X direction, which could be defined as tx ≈ ext tz ext ··· sin(ΘB ... (E−1 > E1 ) and angular 28 Volume Modulated Diffraction X- Ray Optics (a) 487 (b) Fig 28.10 Experimental (a) and calculated (b) diffracted X- ray intensity I as a function of the detector scanning ... depicts a double-crystal X- ray diffractometer used to study X- ray diffraction on the surface of the YZ-cut of a LiNbO3 crystal modulated by surface acoustic waves under total external reflection...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... 140 diffraction properties, 157 fabrication process, 170 first-order diffraction of, 141 focusing efficiency, 270 for hard X- ray applications, 267 for soft and hard X- rays, 259 high-order diffraction ... coherence filter, 93 for X- ray microbeam production, 91 front coupling (FC), 92 resonance beam coupling, 93 X- ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), classification of, 287 XUV polarimetry, 408 YAG:Ce ... 139 figs., XII, 234 pages 113 Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications Basic Effects By P G¨ nter and J.P Huignard, 2006, 169 figs., XIV, 421 pages u 114 Photorefractive Materials and Their...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... energies of approx 10 keV to 250 eV) and from to 40 nm (approx 250 to 30 eV) are referred to as soft X- ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region, respectively The energies of SXR and EUV photons ... hard X- ray CuK 10 keV photon energy 100 keV γ-rays MeV 10 meV Figure 2.1: Schematic overview of the electromagnetic spectrum from visible light via UV and Xrays down to g-rays EUV and SXR photons ... by refractive optical elements The hard X- ray regime extends the EUV and SXR spectrum on the lower wavelength limit Here, the lightmatter interaction is characterized by less absorption and less...

Ngày tải lên: 25/11/2015, 15:14

... lobular carcinoma and in-situ ductal carcinoma studied in this work is referred to as glandular tissue Therefore, it is expected different peak positions will exist for carcinoma and fibrocystic ... tissues, 17 mixed (adipose plus fibroglandular) normal tissues, 41 carcinoma and 21 fibrocystic changes Effects of storage – In order to study the effects of tissue storage upon the diffraction profiles ... CRM, Hufton AP and Dance DR Breast cancer diagnosis using scattered X- rays J Synchrotron Rad 2000; 7: 348-352 Malden CH, Speller RD, et al A CdZnTe array for the detection of explosives in baggage...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2012, 11:08

... calorimetry (DSC); X- ray powder diffraction (XRPD); combined, simultaneous, and dynamic differential scanning calorimetry /X- ray powder diffraction (DSC/XRPD); and high performance liquid chromatography ... thermal and XRPD characterization of each form The ability to simultaneously observe dynamic thermal events (via DSC) and the corresponding structural events (via XRPD) through use of the DSC/XRPD ... DSC and XRPD experiments Additional studies would be required to further understand the implications that sample 42 places on the assignment and DSC characterization of Form III Forms IV and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

... important cofactor that is essential for CoA biosynthesis, and functions in fatty acid synthesis and energy metabolism [2] The structure and function of PSs from several prokaryotic and eukaryotic ... quality of the electron density maps and facilitate further rebuilding and improvement of the molecular model, until no unexplained electron density remained, and the Rcryst and Rfree values converged ... 18.9% and 24.4%, respectively The electron density was missing or weak for residues 113–124 in all cases, and this stretch of residues was therefore not rebuilt X- ray crystallographic structure...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... the protein, and a and b represent the a helix and b strand, respectively The side-chains of the mutated and parent amino acid residues at the six mutation sites are shown D39 ⁄ G39 and M76 ⁄ V76 ... residues 29, T34 and E131 are shown The hydrogen bonds between N29 and Oc and T34 and Oc, and between N29 and Nd and E131 and Oe2, in the wild-type protein are shown as green broken lines, and the ion ... bonds between D39 and Od1 and Q149 and Ne, and between D39 and Od2 and Q149 and Ne, in the wild-type protein are shown as green broken lines together with the distances For the structure around residue...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 13:20