level 4 fluent written and spoken english

... in written and spoken Present-day English. Section 4. 1 concentrates on the analysis of the data retrieved from the written corpora, whereas 4. 2 discusses the results retrieved from the spoken ... syntactic and pragmatic perspective. Sections 1 .4. 1 and 1 .4. 2 briefly review the syntactic and pragmatic similarities of full inversion, existential-‘there’ and preposing. Section 1 .4. 3 summarises ... occurring in each of those media and in the functions full inversion serves. The corpora used to analyse the behaviour and distribution of full inversion in written and spoken texts were the Freiburg-Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 07:20

... depending on the level of your students and what they can handle!), whiteboard and pens; students have their notebooks and pens (Note: you could teach exactly the same content and concepts using ... or handout, and later from memory. Talk a Lot Sentence Blocks – Q & A For more fun worksheets, games and quizzes log onto www.englishbanana.com now! Talk a Lot Elementary © English ... Lesson Plan For more fun worksheets, games and quizzes log onto www.englishbanana.com now! Talk a Lot Elementary © English Banana.com 3 .4 4. Students identify how many syllables there...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 21:15

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 09:36

... diskrit 23 u u m m u u m m . . N N a a m m u u n n m m u u n n g g k k i i n n y y a a n n g g m m a a s s i i h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e r r s s o o a a l l a a n n a a d d a a l l a a h h k k e e t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i m m i i l l i i k k i i o o l l e e h h s s e e k k o o l l a a h h t t e e n n t t a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s , , S S D D M M , , m m a a u u p p u u n n g g e e o o g g r r a a f f i i s s y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k m m e e n n d d u u k k u u n n g g . . B B . . M M a a n n f f a a a a t t K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i M M e e d d i i a a P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r b b e e r r a a s s a a l l d d a a r r i i b b a a h h a a s s a a l l a a t t i i n n c c u u m m p p u u t t a a r r e e y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a n n d d u u n n g g a a r r t t i i m m e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g . . K K a a r r e e n n a a l l u u a a s s n n y y a a b b i i d d a a n n g g g g a a r r a a p p a a n n i i l l m m u u k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r , , p p a a r r a a p p a a k k a a r r d d a a n n p p e e n n e e l l i i t t i i s s e e d d i i k k i i t t b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d a a l l a a m m m m e e n n d d e e f f e e n n i i s s i i k k a a n n t t e e r r m m i i n n o o l l o o g g y y k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . M M e e n n u u r r u u t t H H a a m m a a c c h h e e r r k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a d d a a l l a a h h m m e e s s i i n n p p e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t d d a a n n d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i n n p p u u t t d d i i g g i i t t a a l l , , k k e e m m u u d d i i a a n n m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s n n y y a a s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s i i m m p p a a n n d d i i m m e e m m o o r r i i n n y y a a , , y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a h h a a s s i i l l k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t b b e e r r u u p p a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . J J a a d d i i p p a a d d a a i i n n t t i i n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n m m e e d d i i a a a a t t a a u u p p u u n n a a l l a a t t e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g m m a a m m p p u u m m e e l l a a k k u u k k a a n n b b e e b b e e r r a a p p a a t t u u g g a a s s y y a a i i t t u u : : 1 1 ) ) m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n p p u u t t , , 2 2 ) ) m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n p p u u t t s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m n n y y a a , , 3 3 ) ) m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h - - p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h d d a a n n h h a a s s i i l l p p e e n n g g o o l l a a h h a a n n , , 4 4 ) ) m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t d d a a l l a a m m b b e e n n t t u u k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a n n g g a a t t m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u d d a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t d d a a l l a a m m r r a a n n g g k k a a m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t u u j j u u a a n n p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . D D e e n n g g a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s d d a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g a a d d a a p p a a d d a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n b b a a g g i i g g u u r r u u u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n y y i i a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i a a k k u u r r a a t t y y a a n n g g d d i i b b u u t t u u h h k k a a n n o o l l e e h h s s i i s s w w a a d d e e n n g g a a n n c c e e p p a a t t . . B B e e g g i i t t u u j j u u g g a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i m m e e d d i i a a y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e r r a a n n s s a a n n g g d d a a y y a a t t a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h s s i i s s w w a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u a a s s a a i i m m a a t t e e r r i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . T T i i d d a a k k b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e d d i i a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k l l a a i i n n n n y y a a s s e e p p e e r r t t i i r r a a d d i i o o d d a a n n t t e e l l e e v v i i s s i i , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . M M e e m m b b a a w w a a d d u u n n i i a a l l u u a a r r k k e e d d a a l l a a m m k k e e l l a a s s ( ( p p e e n n g g a a l l a a m m a a n n l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g ) ) 2 2 . . D D a a p p a a t t m m e e n n j j a a d d i i s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g p p a a l l i i n n g g m m u u t t a a k k h h i i r r y y a a n n g g m m u u d d a a h h d d i i p p a a h h a a m m i i 3 3 . . M M e e n n c c i i p p t t a a k k a a n n s s u u a a s s a a n n a a y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y e e n n a a n n g g k k a a n n , , m m e e r r a a n n g g s s a a n n g g d d a a n n m m e e m m b b a a n n g g k k i i t t k k a a n n i i d d e e - - i i d d e e b b a a r r u u . . 4 4 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k s s e e g g e e r r a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i b b e e r r i i k k a a n n g g u u r r u u . . 5 5 . . P P e e n n y y a a j j i i a a n n s s a a n n g g a a t t h h i i d d u u p p , , m m e e n n a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u n n d d a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r l l i i b b a a t t a a n n s s i i s s w w a a . . 6 6 . . M M e e n n y y a a m m p p a a i i k k a a n n h h a a l l - - h h a a l l y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k d d a a p p a a t t d d i i s s a a j j i i k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u 7 7 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e s s a a n n g g g g u u p p a a n n d d a a n n k k e e t t e e r r a a m m p p i i l l a a n n a a t t a a u u t t e e k k n n i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e l l i i h h a a t t d d a a n n m m e e n n d d e e n n g g a a r r . . 8 8 . . D D a a p p a a t t d d i i u u l l a a n n g g d d a a n n d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n s s e e n n d d i i r r i i d d i i r r u u m m a a h h u u n n t t u u k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m a a n n d d i i r r i i , , d d a a n n l l a a i i n n s s e e b b a a g g a a i i n n y y a a . . S S e e i i r r i i n n g g d d e e n n g g a a n n p p e e r r k k e e m m b b a a n n g g a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i s s a a a a t t i i n n i i t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e n n g g a a l l a a m m i i k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a n n g g a a t t p p e e s s a a t t . . K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a a a t t i i n n i i d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r s s a a m m b b u u n n g g d d a a l l a a m m j j a a r r i i n n g g a a n n y y a a n n g g “ “ m m e e n n y y a a t t u u k k a a n n d d u u n n i i a a ” ” y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e n n a a l l d d e e n n g g a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t . . M M e e n n g g g g u u n n a a k k a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d e e n n g g a a n n s s e e g g a a l l a a f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s n n y y a a a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i u u n n t t u u k k p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n y y a a n n g g s s e e c c a a r r a a l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n i i n n g g k k a a t t k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a b b a a g g i i k k e e b b e e r r h h a a s s i i l l a a n n n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r . . A A d d a a p p u u n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t m m e e d d i i a a i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n s s e e c c a a r r a a o o n n l l i i n n e e d d a a n n l l e e b b i i h h e e g g a a l l i i t t e e r r s s e e r r t t a a d d e e m m o o k k r r a a t t i i s s 2 2 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a t t a a n n p p a a b b a a t t a a s s ; ; 3 3 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s a a p p a a y y a a n n g g d d i i s s e e b b u u t t d d e e n n g g a a n n v v i i r r t t u u a a l l c c l l a a s s s s r r o o o o m m ; ; 4 4 . . P P e e n n e e l l u u s s u u r r a a n n d d a a n n p p e e n n c c a a r r i i a a n n b b a a h h a a n n p p u u s s t t a a k k a a ; ; 28 h h a a r r u u s s d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n d d u u p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a l l a a m m m m e e m m b b a a h h a a s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g s s u u d d a a h h d d i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . P P e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n t t e e r r h h a a d d a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i t t u u d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r d d e e n n g g a a n n m m o o d d e e l l ” ” c c o o o o p p e e r r a a t t i i v v e e g g r r o o u u p p ” ” . . D D e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m e e l l a a l l u u i i i i n n i i m m a a k k a a b b a a n n y y a a k k p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k y y a a n n g g m m e e m m p p e e r r o o l l e e h h k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , m m e e n n g g k k a a j j i i k k e e m m u u n n g g k k i i n n a a n n a a p p l l i i k k a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , d d a a n n b b a a h h k k a a n n p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n m m e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n p p e e n n g g h h a a r r g g a a a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e n n d d a a p p a a t t d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n y y a a n n g g b b e e r r b b e e d d a a , , d d a a n n m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i t t a a n n g g g g u u n n g g j j a a w w a a b b k k o o m m u u n n i i t t a a s s u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u a a n n g g g g o o t t a a k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t i i n n g g k k a a t t p p e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n m m i i n n i i m m a a l l y y a a n n g g t t e e l l a a h h d d i i p p e e r r s s y y a a r r a a t t k k a a n n . . O O l l e e h h k k a a r r e e n n a a m m e e l l a a l l u u i i p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a b b a a g g i i s s e e t t i i a a p p o o r r a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r l l a a k k s s a a n n a a . . D D e e n n g g a a n n d d e e m m i i k k i i a a n n m m e e l l a a l l u u i i m m e e d d i i a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i l l a a i i n n n n y y a a g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k a a k k s s e e s s p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n , , d d a a n n p p e e l l a a t t i i h h a a n n h h a a n n y y a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e n n e e r r a a p p k k a a n n k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i t t e e r r u u t t a a m m a a k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k a a k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . P P e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n i i d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t i i d d a a k k b b o o l l e e h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e n n g g g g a a n n t t i i g g u u r r u u t t e e t t a a p p i i m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n p p e e m m b b a a n n t t u u g g u u r r u u y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m e e n n u u h h i i p p r r i i n n s s i i p p p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m u u k k a a k k a a n n d d a a l l a a m m m m a a k k a a l l a a h h i i n n i i . . M M e e l l a a l l u u i i p p e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e b b u u t t u u h h a a n n n n y y a a , , d d i i a a t t i i d d a a k k p p e e r r l l u u m m e e r r a a s s a a d d i i r r u u g g i i k k a a n n k k a a r r e e n n a a g g u u r r u u m m e e n n j j e e l l a a s s k k a a n n s s e e s s u u a a t t u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u c c e e p p a a t t a a t t a a u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u l l a a m m b b a a t t . . D D e e n n g g a a n n a a d d a a n n y y a a p p e e r r a a l l a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n b b a a n n y y a a k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r k k i i n n i i b b a a i i k k d d a a r r i i y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u m m a a u u p p u u n n o o l l e e h h s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r g g u u r r u u m m a a k k a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k a a k k a a n n m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n h h a a k k n n y y a a . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g k k u u r r a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i s s u u a a t t u u i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g u u l l a a n n g g i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t s s e e b b a a n n y y a a k k m m u u n n g g k k i i n n . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e l l a a n n j j u u t t k k a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r n n y y a a k k e e p p a a d d a a a a k k t t i i v v i i t t a a s s l l a a i i n n . . G G u u r r u u h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n e e t t a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g h h a a r r u u s s d d i i f f a a h h a a m m i i o o l l e e h h s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g i i n n g g i i n n m m e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u i i l l e e b b i i h h l l a a n n j j u u t t m m a a k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r y y a a n n g g d d i i r r u u j j u u k k o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u . . U U n n t t u u k k i i t t u u , , p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n h h a a r r u u s s l l a a h h t t i i d d a a k k t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i a a k k s s e e s s t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i b b a a g g i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i b b a a i i k k k k e e t t i i k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k b b e e r r a a d d a a d d i i k k e e l l a a s s , , d d i i p p e e r r p p u u s s t t a a k k a a a a n n , , d d i i a a v v e e n n u u e e l l a a i i n n d d i i s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n d d i i m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k o o m m o o d d a a s s i i t t i i d d a a k k s s a a j j a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m k k e e c c e e p p a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m c c a a r r a a m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a , , m m e e n n c c e e r r n n a a k k a a n n , , d d a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a n n y y a a n n g g t t e e r r p p e e n n t t i i n n g g a a d d a a l l a a h h g g u u r r u u m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n t t r r a a n n s s f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k e e d d a a l l a a m m p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i . . ... diskrit 23 u u m m u u m m . . N N a a m m u u n n m m u u n n g g k k i i n n y y a a n n g g m m a a s s i i h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e r r s s o o a a l l a a n n a a d d a a l l a a h h k k e e t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i m m i i l l i i k k i i o o l l e e h h s s e e k k o o l l a a h h t t e e n n t t a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s , , S S D D M M , , m m a a u u p p u u n n g g e e o o g g r r a a f f i i s s y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k m m e e n n d d u u k k u u n n g g . . B B . . M M a a n n f f a a a a t t K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i M M e e d d i i a a P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r b b e e r r a a s s a a l l d d a a r r i i b b a a h h a a s s a a l l a a t t i i n n c c u u m m p p u u t t a a r r e e y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a n n d d u u n n g g a a r r t t i i m m e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g . . K K a a r r e e n n a a l l u u a a s s n n y y a a b b i i d d a a n n g g g g a a r r a a p p a a n n i i l l m m u u k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r , , p p a a r r a a p p a a k k a a r r d d a a n n p p e e n n e e l l i i t t i i s s e e d d i i k k i i t t b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d a a l l a a m m m m e e n n d d e e f f e e n n i i s s i i k k a a n n t t e e r r m m i i n n o o l l o o g g y y k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . M M e e n n u u r r u u t t H H a a m m a a c c h h e e r r k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a d d a a l l a a h h m m e e s s i i n n p p e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t d d a a n n d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i n n p p u u t t d d i i g g i i t t a a l l , , k k e e m m u u d d i i a a n n m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s n n y y a a s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s i i m m p p a a n n d d i i m m e e m m o o r r i i n n y y a a , , y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a h h a a s s i i l l k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t b b e e r r u u p p a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . J J a a d d i i p p a a d d a a i i n n t t i i n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n m m e e d d i i a a a a t t a a u u p p u u n n a a l l a a t t e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g m m a a m m p p u u m m e e l l a a k k u u k k a a n n b b e e b b e e r r a a p p a a t t u u g g a a s s y y a a i i t t u u : : 1 1 ) ) m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n p p u u t t , , 2 2 ) ) m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n p p u u t t s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m n n y y a a , , 3 3 ) ) m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h - - p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h d d a a n n h h a a s s i i l l p p e e n n g g o o l l a a h h a a n n , , 4 4 ) ) m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t d d a a l l a a m m b b e e n n t t u u k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a n n g g a a t t m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u d d a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t d d a a l l a a m m r r a a n n g g k k a a m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t u u j j u u a a n n p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . D D e e n n g g a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s d d a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g a a d d a a p p a a d d a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n b b a a g g i i g g u u r r u u u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n y y i i a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i a a k k u u r r a a t t y y a a n n g g d d i i b b u u t t u u h h k k a a n n o o l l e e h h s s i i s s w w a a d d e e n n g g a a n n c c e e p p a a t t . . B B e e g g i i t t u u j j u u g g a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i m m e e d d i i a a y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e r r a a n n s s a a n n g g d d a a y y a a t t a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h s s i i s s w w a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u a a s s a a i i m m a a t t e e r r i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . T T i i d d a a k k b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e d d i i a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k l l a a i i n n n n y y a a s s e e p p e e r r t t i i r r a a d d i i o o d d a a n n t t e e l l e e v v i i s s i i , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . M M e e m m b b a a w w a a d d u u n n i i a a l l u u a a r r k k e e d d a a l l a a m m k k e e l l a a s s ( ( p p e e n n g g a a l l a a m m a a n n l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g ) ) 2 2 . . D D a a p p a a t t m m e e n n j j a a d d i i s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g p p a a l l i i n n g g m m u u t t a a k k h h i i r r y y a a n n g g m m u u d d a a h h d d i i p p a a h h a a m m i i 3 3 . . M M e e n n c c i i p p t t a a k k a a n n s s u u a a s s a a n n a a y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y e e n n a a n n g g k k a a n n , , m m e e r r a a n n g g s s a a n n g g d d a a n n m m e e m m b b a a n n g g k k i i t t k k a a n n i i d d e e - - i i d d e e b b a a r r u u . . 4 4 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k s s e e g g e e r r a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i b b e e r r i i k k a a n n g g u u r r u u . . 5 5 . . P P e e n n y y a a j j i i a a n n s s a a n n g g a a t t h h i i d d u u p p , , m m e e n n a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u n n d d a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r l l i i b b a a t t a a n n s s i i s s w w a a . . 6 6 . . M M e e n n y y a a m m p p a a i i k k a a n n h h a a l l - - h h a a l l y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k d d a a p p a a t t d d i i s s a a j j i i k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u 7 7 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e s s a a n n g g g g u u p p a a n n d d a a n n k k e e t t e e r r a a m m p p i i l l a a n n a a t t a a u u t t e e k k n n i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e l l i i h h a a t t d d a a n n m m e e n n d d e e n n g g a a r r . . 8 8 . . D D a a p p a a t t d d i i u u l l a a n n g g d d a a n n d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n s s e e n n d d i i r r i i d d i i r r u u m m a a h h u u n n t t u u k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m a a n n d d i i r r i i , , d d a a n n l l a a i i n n s s e e b b a a g g a a i i n n y y a a . . S S e e i i r r i i n n g g d d e e n n g g a a n n p p e e r r k k e e m m b b a a n n g g a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i s s a a a a t t i i n n i i t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e n n g g a a l l a a m m i i k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a n n g g a a t t p p e e s s a a t t . . K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a a a t t i i n n i i d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r s s a a m m b b u u n n g g d d a a l l a a m m j j a a r r i i n n g g a a n n y y a a n n g g “ “ m m e e n n y y a a t t u u k k a a n n d d u u n n i i a a ” ” y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e n n a a l l d d e e n n g g a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t . . M M e e n n g g g g u u n n a a k k a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d e e n n g g a a n n s s e e g g a a l l a a f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s n n y y a a a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i u u n n t t u u k k p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n y y a a n n g g s s e e c c a a r r a a l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n i i n n g g k k a a t t k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a b b a a g g i i k k e e b b e e r r h h a a s s i i l l a a n n n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r . . A A d d a a p p u u n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t m m e e d d i i a a i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n s s e e c c a a r r a a o o n n l l i i n n e e d d a a n n l l e e b b i i h h e e g g a a l l i i t t e e r r s s e e r r t t a a d d e e m m o o k k r r a a t t i i s s 2 2 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a t t a a n n p p a a b b a a t t a a s s ; ; 3 3 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s a a p p a a y y a a n n g g d d i i s s e e b b u u t t d d e e n n g g a a n n v v i i r r t t u u a a l l c c l l a a s s s s r r o o o o m m ; ; 4 4 . . P P e e n n e e l l u u s s u u r r a a n n d d a a n n p p e e n n c c a a r r i i a a n n b b a a h h a a n n p p u u s s t t a a k k a a ; ; 28 h h a a r r u u s s d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n d d u u p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a l l a a m m m m e e m m b b a a h h a a s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g s s u u d d a a h h d d i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . P P e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n t t e e r r h h a a d d a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i t t u u d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r d d e e n n g g a a n n m m o o d d e e l l ” ” c c o o o o p p e e r r a a t t i i v v e e g g r r o o u u p p ” ” . . D D e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m e e l l a a l l u u i i i i n n i i m m a a k k a a b b a a n n y y a a k k p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k y y a a n n g g m m e e m m p p e e r r o o l l e e h h k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , m m e e n n g g k k a a j j i i k k e e m m u u n n g g k k i i n n a a n n a a p p l l i i k k a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , d d a a n n b b a a h h k k a a n n p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n m m e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n p p e e n n g g h h a a r r g g a a a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e n n d d a a p p a a t t d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n y y a a n n g g b b e e r r b b e e d d a a , , d d a a n n m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i t t a a n n g g g g u u n n g g j j a a w w a a b b k k o o m m u u n n i i t t a a s s u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u a a n n g g g g o o t t a a k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t i i n n g g k k a a t t p p e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n m m i i n n i i m m a a l l y y a a n n g g t t e e l l a a h h d d i i p p e e r r s s y y a a r r a a t t k k a a n n . . O O l l e e h h k k a a r r e e n n a a m m e e l l a a l l u u i i p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a b b a a g g i i s s e e t t i i a a p p o o r r a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r l l a a k k s s a a n n a a . . D D e e n n g g a a n n d d e e m m i i k k i i a a n n m m e e l l a a l l u u i i m m e e d d i i a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i l l a a i i n n n n y y a a g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k a a k k s s e e s s p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n , , d d a a n n p p e e l l a a t t i i h h a a n n h h a a n n y y a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e n n e e r r a a p p k k a a n n k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i t t e e r r u u t t a a m m a a k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k a a k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . P P e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n i i d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t i i d d a a k k b b o o l l e e h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e n n g g g g a a n n t t i i g g u u r r u u t t e e t t a a p p i i m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n p p e e m m b b a a n n t t u u g g u u r r u u y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m e e n n u u h h i i p p r r i i n n s s i i p p p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m u u k k a a k k a a n n d d a a l l a a m m m m a a k k a a l l a a h h i i n n i i . . M M e e l l a a l l u u i i p p e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e b b u u t t u u h h a a n n n n y y a a , , d d i i a a t t i i d d a a k k p p e e r r l l u u m m e e r r a a s s a a d d i i r r u u g g i i k k a a n n k k a a r r e e n n a a g g u u r r u u m m e e n n j j e e l l a a s s k k a a n n s s e e s s u u a a t t u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u c c e e p p a a t t a a t t a a u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u l l a a m m b b a a t t . . D D e e n n g g a a n n a a d d a a n n y y a a p p e e r r a a l l a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n b b a a n n y y a a k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r k k i i n n i i b b a a i i k k d d a a r r i i y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u m m a a u u p p u u n n o o l l e e h h s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r g g u u r r u u m m a a k k a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k a a k k a a n n m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n h h a a k k n n y y a a . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g k k u u r r a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i s s u u a a t t u u i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g u u l l a a n n g g i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t s s e e b b a a n n y y a a k k m m u u n n g g k k i i n n . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e l l a a n n j j u u t t k k a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r n n y y a a k k e e p p a a d d a a a a k k t t i i v v i i t t a a s s l l a a i i n n . . G G u u r r u u h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n e e t t a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g h h a a r r u u s s d d i i f f a a h h a a m m i i o o l l e e h h s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g i i n n g g i i n n m m e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u i i l l e e b b i i h h l l a a n n j j u u t t m m a a k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r y y a a n n g g d d i i r r u u j j u u k k o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u . . U U n n t t u u k k i i t t u u , , p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n h h a a r r u u s s l l a a h h t t i i d d a a k k t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i a a k k s s e e s s t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i b b a a g g i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i b b a a i i k k k k e e t t i i k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k b b e e r r a a d d a a d d i i k k e e l l a a s s , , d d i i p p e e r r p p u u s s t t a a k k a a a a n n , , d d i i a a v v e e n n u u e e l l a a i i n n d d i i s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n d d i i m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k o o m m o o d d a a s s i i t t i i d d a a k k s s a a j j a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m k k e e c c e e p p a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m c c a a r r a a m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a , , m m e e n n c c e e r r n n a a k k a a n n , , d d a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a n n y y a a n n g g t t e e r r p p e e n n t t i i n n g g a a d d a a l l a a h h g g u u r r u u m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n t t r r a a n n s s f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k e e d d a a l l a a m m p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i . . ... diskrit 23 u u m m u u m m . . N N a a m m u u n n m m u u n n g g k k i i n n y y a a n n g g m m a a s s i i h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e r r s s o o a a l l a a n n a a d d a a l l a a h h k k e e t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i m m i i l l i i k k i i o o l l e e h h s s e e k k o o l l a a h h t t e e n n t t a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s , , S S D D M M , , m m a a u u p p u u n n g g e e o o g g r r a a f f i i s s y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k m m e e n n d d u u k k u u n n g g . . B B . . M M a a n n f f a a a a t t K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i M M e e d d i i a a P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r b b e e r r a a s s a a l l d d a a r r i i b b a a h h a a s s a a l l a a t t i i n n c c u u m m p p u u t t a a r r e e y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a n n d d u u n n g g a a r r t t i i m m e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g . . K K a a r r e e n n a a l l u u a a s s n n y y a a b b i i d d a a n n g g g g a a r r a a p p a a n n i i l l m m u u k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r , , p p a a r r a a p p a a k k a a r r d d a a n n p p e e n n e e l l i i t t i i s s e e d d i i k k i i t t b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d a a l l a a m m m m e e n n d d e e f f e e n n i i s s i i k k a a n n t t e e r r m m i i n n o o l l o o g g y y k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . M M e e n n u u r r u u t t H H a a m m a a c c h h e e r r k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a d d a a l l a a h h m m e e s s i i n n p p e e n n g g h h i i t t u u n n g g e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t d d a a n n d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i n n p p u u t t d d i i g g i i t t a a l l , , k k e e m m u u d d i i a a n n m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s n n y y a a s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s i i m m p p a a n n d d i i m m e e m m o o r r i i n n y y a a , , y y a a n n g g m m e e n n g g a a h h a a s s i i l l k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t b b e e r r u u p p a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . J J a a d d i i p p a a d d a a i i n n t t i i n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n m m e e d d i i a a a a t t a a u u p p u u n n a a l l a a t t e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k y y a a n n g g m m a a m m p p u u m m e e l l a a k k u u k k a a n n b b e e b b e e r r a a p p a a t t u u g g a a s s y y a a i i t t u u : : 1 1 ) ) m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a i i n n p p u u t t , , 2 2 ) ) m m e e m m p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n p p u u t t s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m n n y y a a , , 3 3 ) ) m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h - - p p e e r r i i n n t t a a h h d d a a n n h h a a s s i i l l p p e e n n g g o o l l a a h h a a n n , , 4 4 ) ) m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n o o u u t t p p u u t t d d a a l l a a m m b b e e n n t t u u k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a n n g g a a t t m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u d d a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t d d a a l l a a m m r r a a n n g g k k a a m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t u u j j u u a a n n p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . D D e e n n g g a a n n f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s d d a a n n p p r r o o g g r r a a m m y y a a n n g g a a d d a a p p a a d d a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n b b a a g g i i g g u u r r u u u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n y y i i a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i a a k k u u r r a a t t y y a a n n g g d d i i b b u u t t u u h h k k a a n n o o l l e e h h s s i i s s w w a a d d e e n n g g a a n n c c e e p p a a t t . . B B e e g g i i t t u u j j u u g g a a d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s e e b b a a g g a a i i m m e e d d i i a a y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e r r a a n n s s a a n n g g d d a a y y a a t t a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e m m p p e e r r m m u u d d a a h h s s i i s s w w a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u a a s s a a i i m m a a t t e e r r i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n . . T T i i d d a a k k b b e e r r b b e e d d a a d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e d d i i a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k l l a a i i n n n n y y a a s s e e p p e e r r t t i i r r a a d d i i o o d d a a n n t t e e l l e e v v i i s s i i , , k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n d d a a l l a a m m p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d i i k k e e l l a a s s a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . M M e e m m b b a a w w a a d d u u n n i i a a l l u u a a r r k k e e d d a a l l a a m m k k e e l l a a s s ( ( p p e e n n g g a a l l a a m m a a n n l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g ) ) 2 2 . . D D a a p p a a t t m m e e n n j j a a d d i i s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g p p a a l l i i n n g g m m u u t t a a k k h h i i r r y y a a n n g g m m u u d d a a h h d d i i p p a a h h a a m m i i 3 3 . . M M e e n n c c i i p p t t a a k k a a n n s s u u a a s s a a n n a a y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y e e n n a a n n g g k k a a n n , , m m e e r r a a n n g g s s a a n n g g d d a a n n m m e e m m b b a a n n g g k k i i t t k k a a n n i i d d e e - - i i d d e e b b a a r r u u . . 4 4 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k s s e e g g e e r r a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i b b e e r r i i k k a a n n g g u u r r u u . . 5 5 . . P P e e n n y y a a j j i i a a n n s s a a n n g g a a t t h h i i d d u u p p , , m m e e n n a a r r i i k k d d a a n n m m e e n n g g u u n n d d a a n n g g k k e e t t e e r r l l i i b b a a t t a a n n s s i i s s w w a a . . 6 6 . . M M e e n n y y a a m m p p a a i i k k a a n n h h a a l l - - h h a a l l y y a a n n g g t t i i d d a a k k d d a a p p a a t t d d i i s s a a j j i i k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u 7 7 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e s s a a n n g g g g u u p p a a n n d d a a n n k k e e t t e e r r a a m m p p i i l l a a n n a a t t a a u u t t e e k k n n i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e l l i i h h a a t t d d a a n n m m e e n n d d e e n n g g a a r r . . 8 8 . . D D a a p p a a t t d d i i u u l l a a n n g g d d a a n n d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n s s e e n n d d i i r r i i d d i i r r u u m m a a h h u u n n t t u u k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m a a n n d d i i r r i i , , d d a a n n l l a a i i n n s s e e b b a a g g a a i i n n y y a a . . S S e e i i r r i i n n g g d d e e n n g g a a n n p p e e r r k k e e m m b b a a n n g g a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i s s a a a a t t i i n n i i t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r j j u u g g a a m m e e n n g g a a l l a a m m i i k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a n n g g a a t t p p e e s s a a t t . . K K o o m m p p u u t t e e r r s s a a a a t t i i n n i i d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r s s a a m m b b u u n n g g d d a a l l a a m m j j a a r r i i n n g g a a n n y y a a n n g g “ “ m m e e n n y y a a t t u u k k a a n n d d u u n n i i a a ” ” y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e n n a a l l d d e e n n g g a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t . . M M e e n n g g g g u u n n a a k k a a n n i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d e e n n g g a a n n s s e e g g a a l l a a f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s n n y y a a a a k k a a n n m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i u u n n t t u u k k p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n y y a a n n g g s s e e c c a a r r a a l l a a n n g g s s u u n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n i i n n g g k k a a t t k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a b b a a g g i i k k e e b b e e r r h h a a s s i i l l a a n n n n y y a a d d a a l l a a m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r . . A A d d a a p p u u n n m m a a n n f f a a a a t t m m e e d d i i a a i i n n t t e e r r n n e e t t d d a a l l a a m m d d u u n n i i a a p p e e n n d d i i d d i i k k a a n n k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n a a n n t t a a r r a a l l a a i i n n : : 1 1 . . P P e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n s s e e c c a a r r a a o o n n l l i i n n e e d d a a n n l l e e b b i i h h e e g g a a l l i i t t e e r r s s e e r r t t a a d d e e m m o o k k r r a a t t i i s s 2 2 . . M M e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n p p e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u a a n n s s i i s s w w a a t t a a n n p p a a b b a a t t a a s s ; ; 3 3 . . M M e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e m m u u d d a a h h a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s a a p p a a y y a a n n g g d d i i s s e e b b u u t t d d e e n n g g a a n n v v i i r r t t u u a a l l c c l l a a s s s s r r o o o o m m ; ; 4 4 . . P P e e n n e e l l u u s s u u r r a a n n d d a a n n p p e e n n c c a a r r i i a a n n b b a a h h a a n n p p u u s s t t a a k k a a ; ; 28 h h a a r r u u s s d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m a a n n d d u u p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a l l a a m m m m e e m m b b a a h h a a s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i y y a a n n g g s s u u d d a a h h d d i i p p e e l l a a j j a a r r i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . P P e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n t t e e r r h h a a d d a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i i i t t u u d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k b b e e l l a a j j a a r r d d e e n n g g a a n n m m o o d d e e l l ” ” c c o o o o p p e e r r a a t t i i v v e e g g r r o o u u p p ” ” . . D D e e n n g g a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r m m e e l l a a l l u u i i i i n n i i m m a a k k a a b b a a n n y y a a k k p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k y y a a n n g g m m e e m m p p e e r r o o l l e e h h k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , m m e e n n g g k k a a j j i i k k e e m m u u n n g g k k i i n n a a n n a a p p l l i i k k a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , d d a a n n b b a a h h k k a a n n p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n m m e e n n g g e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n p p e e n n g g h h a a r r g g a a a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e n n d d a a p p a a t t d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n y y a a n n g g b b e e r r b b e e d d a a , , d d a a n n m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i t t a a n n g g g g u u n n g g j j a a w w a a b b k k o o m m u u n n i i t t a a s s u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m b b a a n n t t u u a a n n g g g g o o t t a a k k e e l l o o m m p p o o k k m m e e n n c c a a p p a a i i t t i i n n g g k k a a t t p p e e m m a a h h a a m m a a n n d d a a n n k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n m m i i n n i i m m a a l l y y a a n n g g t t e e l l a a h h d d i i p p e e r r s s y y a a r r a a t t k k a a n n . . O O l l e e h h k k a a r r e e n n a a m m e e l l a a l l u u i i p p r r o o s s e e s s i i n n i i k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g s s a a m m a a b b a a g g i i s s e e t t i i a a p p o o r r a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t t t e e r r l l a a k k s s a a n n a a . . D D e e n n g g a a n n d d e e m m i i k k i i a a n n m m e e l l a a l l u u i i m m e e d d i i a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i l l a a i i n n n n y y a a g g u u r r u u d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m b b e e r r i i k k a a n n k k e e s s e e m m p p a a t t a a n n k k e e p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k a a k k s s e e s s p p a a d d a a s s e e m m u u a a i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i , , k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n , , d d a a n n p p e e l l a a t t i i h h a a n n h h a a n n y y a a d d a a p p a a t t d d i i l l a a k k u u k k a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e n n e e r r a a p p k k a a n n k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i t t e e r r u u t t a a m m a a k k e e m m a a j j u u a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a n n e e l l e e k k t t r r o o n n i i k k a a k k h h u u s s u u s s n n y y a a k k o o m m p p u u t t e e r r . . P P e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n i i d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t i i d d a a k k b b o o l l e e h h m m e e n n j j a a d d i i p p e e n n g g g g a a n n t t i i g g u u r r u u t t e e t t a a p p i i m m e e r r u u p p a a k k a a n n p p e e m m b b a a n n t t u u g g u u r r u u y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e m m e e n n u u h h i i p p r r i i n n s s i i p p p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m u u k k a a k k a a n n d d a a l l a a m m m m a a k k a a l l a a h h i i n n i i . . M M e e l l a a l l u u i i p p e e n n e e r r a a p p a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k s s e e s s i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i s s e e s s u u a a i i d d e e n n g g a a n n k k e e b b u u t t u u h h a a n n n n y y a a , , d d i i a a t t i i d d a a k k p p e e r r l l u u m m e e r r a a s s a a d d i i r r u u g g i i k k a a n n k k a a r r e e n n a a g g u u r r u u m m e e n n j j e e l l a a s s k k a a n n s s e e s s u u a a t t u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u c c e e p p a a t t a a t t a a u u t t e e r r l l a a l l u u l l a a m m b b a a t t . . D D e e n n g g a a n n a a d d a a n n y y a a p p e e r r a a l l a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r y y a a n n g g m m e e n n y y i i m m p p a a n n b b a a n n y y a a k k i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r k k i i n n i i b b a a i i k k d d a a r r i i y y a a n n g g d d i i k k e e m m b b a a n n g g k k a a n n o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u m m a a u u p p u u n n o o l l e e h h s s u u m m b b e e r r i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r g g u u r r u u m m a a k k a a s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k a a k k a a n n m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n h h a a k k n n y y a a . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g k k u u r r a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i s s u u a a t t u u i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g u u l l a a n n g g i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t s s e e b b a a n n y y a a k k m m u u n n g g k k i i n n . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g c c e e p p a a t t m m e e m m a a h h a a m m i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d i i a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e l l a a n n j j u u t t k k a a n n p p r r o o s s e e s s b b e e l l a a j j a a r r n n y y a a k k e e p p a a d d a a a a k k t t i i v v i i t t a a s s l l a a i i n n . . G G u u r r u u h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n e e t t a a p p k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i d d a a s s a a r r y y a a n n g g h h a a r r u u s s d d i i f f a a h h a a m m i i o o l l e e h h s s e e t t i i a a p p p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k . . B B a a g g i i m m e e r r e e k k a a y y a a n n g g i i n n g g i i n n m m e e n n g g e e t t a a h h u u i i l l e e b b i i h h l l a a n n j j u u t t m m a a k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k t t e e r r s s e e b b u u t t d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r y y a a n n g g t t e e r r s s e e d d i i a a t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n c c a a r r i i i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i t t a a m m b b a a h h a a n n d d a a r r i i s s u u m m b b e e r r l l a a i i n n d d i i l l u u a a r r y y a a n n g g d d i i r r u u j j u u k k o o l l e e h h g g u u r r u u . . U U n n t t u u k k i i t t u u , , p p r r o o s s e e s s p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n h h a a r r u u s s l l a a h h t t i i d d a a k k t t e e r r b b a a t t a a s s d d i i k k e e l l a a s s t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e n n y y e e d d i i a a k k a a n n b b e e r r b b a a g g a a i i a a k k s s e e s s t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i b b a a g g i i p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n d d a a p p a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i b b a a i i k k k k e e t t i i k k a a p p e e s s e e r r t t a a d d i i d d i i k k b b e e r r a a d d a a d d i i k k e e l l a a s s , , d d i i p p e e r r p p u u s s t t a a k k a a a a n n , , d d i i a a v v e e n n u u e e l l a a i i n n d d i i s s e e k k o o l l a a h h d d a a n n d d i i m m a a s s y y a a r r a a k k a a t t . . S S e e k k o o l l a a h h h h a a r r u u s s m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i f f a a s s i i l l i i t t a a s s y y a a n n g g d d a a p p a a t t m m e e n n g g a a k k o o m m o o d d a a s s i i t t i i d d a a k k s s a a j j a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m k k e e c c e e p p a a t t a a n n b b e e l l a a j j a a r r t t e e t t a a p p i i j j u u g g a a p p e e r r b b e e d d a a a a n n d d a a l l a a m m c c a a r r a a m m e e n n e e r r i i m m a a , , m m e e n n c c e e r r n n a a k k a a n n , , d d a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i . . D D a a n n y y a a n n g g t t e e r r p p e e n n t t i i n n g g a a d d a a l l a a h h g g u u r r u u m m e e m m i i l l i i k k i i k k e e m m a a m m p p u u a a n n u u n n t t u u k k m m e e n n t t r r a a n n s s f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k a a n n i i n n f f o o r r m m a a s s i i k k e e d d a a l l a a m m p p e e m m b b e e l l a a j j a a r r a a n n d d e e n n g g a a n n m m e e m m a a n n f f a a a a t t k k a a n n t t e e k k n n o o l l o o g g i i . . ...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 17:20

... encounters in parsing written English sentences, such as coordinate conjunc- tions, PP attachments, and lexical ambiguity (Huang 1988). Migrating the Parser from written to spoken English is our ... are potentially useful in the understanding of spoken English, pitch and pause information have received the most attention due to ease of measurement and their relative importance (Cruttenden ... certain context. 117 Prosodic Aids to Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Spoken English Chris Rowles and Xiuming Huang AI Systems Section Australia and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 14:20

... vaginal intercourse, the woman on hands and knees and the man entering her from behind. An allusion to the mating of cattle and the French bo euf TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, 1980 Aladdin’s cave noun ... 1876 by Agnes Weston (1 840 –1918) to try and save sailors from ‘booze and brothels’ and still trying. Grateful sailors used to call Weston-Super-Mare in the southwest of England ‘Aggie-on-horseback’ UK, ... Russian Communist Party respon- sible for agitation and propaganda on behalf of communist ideals; aconflationofagitatsiya and propaganda UK, 19 34 aglish adjective nauseated; sick to one’s stomach....

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 16:20

... / and he talked with them (and he talked with them) / about the Kingdom of God. (about the Kingdom of God.) / They saw him, and he talked with them about the Kingdom of God. (They saw him, and ... of God.) And when they came together, (And when they came together,) / he gave them this order: (he gave them this order:) / And when they came together, he gave them this order: (And when ... wife Spoken English Learned Quickly www.FreeEnglishNow.com 1.20 will not (won't) (to will) with word work (to work) year yes you, your 911 = The medical, fire and police...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... newspapers in English. 3. Read short stories or newspapers in English. 4. Write English as much as possible. 4. Write English as much as possible. 5. Learn by heart all the new words and texts. 5. ... Practice listening to English tapes or English programs on the radio 9. Watch English TV programs 9. Watch English TV programs 10. Learn to sing English songs. 10. Learn to sing English songs. 11. 11. … … 5 7 2 3 4 6 1 8 “ ... study English ? ” She asked me where I studied English. boys girls Lesson 1 : Getting started – Listen and read I/ Getting started. II/ Listen and read. 2. Listen and read 3. Grammar. Direct and...

Ngày tải lên: 15/07/2014, 01:00

... thought of as genuine weak forms in SSB. are ‘Sir’ and ‘Saint’, which are, unpredictably, [sv] and 44 Processes in Conversational English *<yfl SSB. And they’re’ Ñ:?is SSB. ‘All these’ cwyntvc Brown, ... phonetic level and a discrete number at a phono- logical level, though the rules for doing so are not divulged. Shockey (19 74) suggests that, though impressionistic judgments about style and rate ... speech from the accents of English covered here. Processes in Conversational English 45 such as ‘you’, ‘your’, ‘yet’ and by a few other common words such as ‘year’ and ‘usual’ as seen below. Within...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... love my grandmothers' biscuits. Are there any ? right left straight 4. Mark is a really honest and frank boss. If he asks you a question, you should give him a direct and answer ... really likes his new assistant, Bill. He often says "Bill's my -hand man." 7.People who are honest, open and candid are often described as having -forward personalities. right ... 10.In America, -handed boxers are called South Paws. right left straight 6.Most people in the world are -handed but my friend is a lefty. right left straight English Language Tests-Intermediate...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 07:20

... magical and granted the little girl her wish. foot kite umbrella wand 7.Bad witches often use when they make evil potions. They add strange and scary ingredients like rats' tails and ... carpets lambs frogs bats camels English Language Tests-Intermediate level& apos;s archive Magical Words and Phrases (1) 1.A is a very wise and mysterious person who is very skilled ... turn handsome princes into . Then, only beautiful princesses can reverse the spell by kissing the ugly creature. 8 are liquid mixtures and, in mythical stories, some of these have magical and...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 07:20

... Fire Fortune 4. In the past and in mythical stories, people who claimed they could see into the future often used balls. base crystal English Language Tests-Intermediate level& apos;s archive ... English Language Tests-Intermediate level& apos;s archive Magical Words and Phrases (2) 1.A is a story that contains magical and supernatural aspects. Many magical elements are found in these fictitious ... are referred to as godmothers. fairy fiery 2.A funny word that wizards and magicians use in stories, movies and shows to denote that a trick will take place once the word is known as "...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 07:20

... in order to fool others into believing falsehoods. English Language Proficiency Tests-Advanced Level& apos;s archive Real Life: Scams and Fraud (1) 1 people often victimized by con artists ... money. They are ashamed because they were too trusting and someone knowingly took advantage of them. out that there is no vacation package and they kept the partial payment I sent. bank deposit ... heard from him since and I doubt I'll ever see him again. preacher gigolo fraud singer 10.I was deceived by a dishonest travel company last year. They called me and told me about a...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 12:20

... strength and perseverance to reach the top of Mount Vernon. summit foothill heap stack English Language Proficiency Tests-Advanced Level& apos;s archive Real Life: Hiking and The Great ... soldier 4. Marked are designated nature paths or roads. They are usually dirt paths that are formed when a lot of people repeatedly walk on them. Sometimes, they are created by forest services and ... high and quite dangerous so she should probably stay home this weekend. tricycle terrain trek reserve 2.For outdoor enthusiasts, the refers to an area that is remote, undeveloped and...

Ngày tải lên: 25/07/2014, 12:20

... job properly. make do made did 9.The teacher suggested they another exercise to understand the problem better. make did made do 7.His mother forced him to his homework every night ... do made did 3.His teacher begged him to more of an effort in class. make do made did 4. We had so much fun in Chicago — we it in three days. make do made did do made did 10.We...

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2014, 06:20