layers of earth´s atmosphere
Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
... statement Standard calculations of Solar Irradiance 167 5.2 Calculation of Derivative from Values of Solar Irradiance 180 5.3 Results of the Retrieval of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface ... parameters of the atmosphere for the practical problems of climatology, for distinguishing backgrounds and contrasts in the atmosphere and on the surface, and for the problems of the radiative regime of ... for a large range of readers, including students, involved in the fields of atmospheric optics, the physics of the atmosphere, meteorology, climatology, the remote sounding of the atmosphere and...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
... Recurrence (%) of the extension of the frontal upper cloudiness above the European territory of the former USSR Width of zone (km) Type of front Cold Warm Width of zone (km) Type of front Cold ... invariance of all conditions of the problem relatively to any horizontal displacement) 22 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere Fig 1.7 Geometry of propagation of solar radiation in the plane parallel atmosphere ... (equations) of radiative transfer and the second one considers it as a method of simulation of the physical processes of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, when it is not needed to attract a body of...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
... the procedures either of the 54 Theoretical Base of Solar Irradiance and Radiance Calculation in the Earth Atmosphere simulation of photon trajectories or of the calculation of the expectation and ... is the product of three probability densities: the density of the photon free path of distance ∆τ = τ − τ according to (2.8), density of the non-absorption of the photon in the atmosphere ω0 (τ), ... the internal albedo of the infinite atmosphere and the internal albedo of the atmosphere of the large optical thickness correspondingly, moreover b∞ = − 4s + s2 and the values of function b(τ) could...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
... Airborne Observation of Vertical Profiles of Solar Irradiance and Data Processing 85 3.2 Airborne Observation of Vertical Profiles of Solar Irradiance and Data Processing The concern of the spectral ... practice of the data processing demonstrates that the application of self-educating systems in algorithms of the preliminary analysis of spectropho- Airborne Observation of Vertical Profiles of Solar ... solar spectrum in the case of a clear atmosphere is of special interest Beer’s Law is the simplest ground of this approach if for example the optical thickness of the atmosphere is retrieved from...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
... the layer of the clear or cloudy atmosphere The results of the airborne observations are seen to allow fixing of the effect of the strong shortwave anomalous absorption (fs > 1) in a set of cases ... general statement of the problem of determination of atmospheric and surface parameters from observational results of radiative characteristics The methods of determining the parameters of the radiative ... Thus, a set of possible solutions of the direct ˜ problem Y(X) could disagree with a set of possible values of the observational results Y In addition, the case of the nonexistence of the solution...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
... Determination of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface in a Clear Atmosphere Fig 5.2a,b Comparison of the limited accuracy of the observations – solid lines and estimation of the calculation ... their real values in the atmosphere at the moment of the observation The comparison of the results of the inverse problem solution with the data of direct measurements of the retrieved parameters ... account of the yield of the spectral lines wings to the absorption elaborated by Virolainen and Polyakov 172 Determination of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface in a Clear Atmosphere...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
... analysis of the irradiances accomplished in Sect 3.3 192 Determination of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface in a Clear Atmosphere 5.3 Results of the Retrieval of Parameters of the Atmosphere ... uncertainties of the 194 Determination of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface in a Clear Atmosphere Fig 5.4a,b Results of the retrieval of the vertical temperature profile: a from the data of the ... Determination of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface in a Clear Atmosphere Fig 5.10a,b Results of the retrieval of the spectral dependence of the surface albedo: a from the data of the airborne...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 8 pps
... numerator of the first formula is the difference of squares of the net fluxes at the top and bottom of the cloud layer in units of the solar incident flux at the top, and value t is the ratio of the ... Dependence of relative uncertainty ∆τ0 |τ0 upon ω0 for mean value of τ0 , (6 < τ0 < 25) 223 Some Possibilities of Estimating of Cloud Parameters The dependence of relative error ∆τ0 |τ0 of the average ... uncertainty in the case of inhomogeneous layers is the same as in the case of the homogeneous layers and depends only on the applicability region of the used equations (magnitudes of the single scattering...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 9 pot
... Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere 273 274 Appendix A: Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere Table A.6 Description of ... retrieval of new information: the spectral and vertical dependence of the optical parameters of the clear and cloudy atmosphere The obtained examples of the vertical profiles and spectral dependence of ... Appendix A: Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere 267 Table A.4 Description of classes of the spectral brightness coefficients (SBC) of the water surface∗...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 10 docx
... Appendix A: Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere 279 Table A.8 Volume coefficients of the aerosol scattering (km−1 ) retrieved from the data of airborne radiative ... Appendix A: Tables of Radiative Characteristics and Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere 289 Table A.14 The single scattering albedo and optical thickness at different sublayers of the stratus cloud ... airborne radiative observation 210 aircraft absolute scale of altitudes 88 albedo 40 – ground 123, 223, 245 – of the system 94 – of the system of atmosphere plus surface 33 – plane 58, 208 – single...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 1 pptx
... Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Overview of the Earth’s Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere The Early Atmosphere Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density Layers ... altitude of only 5.5 km, where the pressure is 500 mb, would put you above one-half of the atmosphere s molecules Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 120 FIGURE 1.7 Layers of the atmosphere ... most dense part of the atmosphere Although our atmosphere extends upward for many hundreds of kilometers, almost 99 percent of the atmosphere lies within a mere 30 km (about 19 mi) of the earth’s...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 2 pdf
... of solar radiation that reaches the surface This, of course, is determined by the length of daylight hours and the intensity of incoming solar radiation Both of these factors are a function of ... peripheral blood vessels of the body constrict, cutting off the flow of blood to the outer layers of the skin In hot weather, the blood vessels enlarge, allowing a greater loss of heat energy to the ... and a wind speed of 30 mi/hr as it would in calm air with a temperature of –18°F Of course, how cold we feel actually depends on a number of factors, including the fit and type of clothing we wear,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 3 ppt
... radar measure the intensity of precipitation? Use the Atmospheric Basics /Layers of the Atmosphere section of the Blue Skies CD-ROM to explore the vertical profile of temperature and dew-point ... moist rate, the atmosphere is ordinarily in a state of conditional instability At this point, it should be apparent that the stability of the atmosphere changes during the course of a day In clear, ... the air aloft warms, or a layer of air sinks (subsides) over a vast area The atmosphere becomes more unstable (destabilizes) as the surface air warms, the air aloft cools, or a layer of air is...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 4 pdf
... as isobars, as contour lines of high height (warm air aloft) represent regions of higher pressure, and contour lines of low height (cold air aloft) represent regions of low pressure ters and high ... and in inches of mercury An understanding of how the unit *The unit of pressure designed by the International System (SI) of measurement is the pascal (Pa), where pascal is the force of newton acting ... much of the state parched Huge fires broke out over northern and central Florida, which left hundreds of people homeless and burned many thousands of acres of grass and woodlands Convergence of...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 5 potx
... most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains Maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico brought record warmth to much of the eastern two-thirds of the nation Near the middle of the ... modification of cP air as it moves over the warmer Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean Air Masses 203 Focus on a Special Topic THE RETURN OF THE SIBERIAN EXPRESS The winter of 1983–1984 was one of the ... properties of each of these fronts STATIONARY FRONTS Brief Review Before we examine fronts, here is a review of some of the important facts about air masses: I I I I An air mass is a large body of air...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 6 docx
... and (b) are based mainly on the experience of the forecaster Many of these techniques are of value, but often they give more of a general overview of what the weather should be like, rather than ... probability of a “White Christmas”—1 inch or more of snow on the ground—across the United States The map is based on the average of 30 years of data and gives the likelihood of snow in terms of a probability ... One of the earliest attempts was undertaken by Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle, who in 300 B.C compiled all sorts of weather indicators in his Book of Signs A dominant influence in the field of...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 7 doc
... we imagine the top layer of water to be broken into a series of layers, then we find each layer moving to the right of the layer above This type of movement (bending) of water with depth (called ... an area of high pressure (see Chapter 6, p 140) Now the air aloft begins to move outward, away from the region of developing thunderstorms This diverging air aloft, coupled with warming of the ... carrying it aloft, volcanoes belching tons of ash and dust into our atmosphere, and forest fires producing vast quantities of drifting smoke (see Fig 12.1) Human-induced pollution enters the atmosphere...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 8 doc
... time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: albedo (reflectivity of the surface), surface roughness, emissions of ... Cherrapunji, on the crest of the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills in northeastern India, receives an average of 1080 cm (425 in.) of rainfall each year, the majority of which falls during the ... fall is spotty, often in the form of scattered summer afternoon showers Some of these showers can be downpours that change a gentle gully into a raging torrent of water More often than not, however,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 9 potx
... Some of these are the amount of dust and other aerosols in the atmosphere the reflectivity of the ice sheets the concentration of other trace gases, such as methane the changing characteristics of ... billions of acres of the world’s range and cropland, along with the welfare of millions of people, are affected by desertification Annually, millions of acres are reduced to a state of near or ... sunset near the coast of Iceland The reflection of sunlight off the slightly rough water is producing a glitter path The refraction of light within the atmosphere causes a variety of visual effects...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 10 docx
... ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air to the mass of dry air Moist adiabatic rate The rate of change of temperature in a rising or descending saturated air parcel The rate of ... virtue of its position with respect to other bodies in the field of gravity Precession (of the earth’s axis of rotation) The wobble of the earth’s axis of rotation that traces out the path of a ... body that is a result of its motion Kirchhoff ’s law A law that states: good absorbers of a given wavelength of radiation are also good emitters of that wavelength Knot A unit of speed equal to nautical...
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