landscape climate socioeconomic and ecological systems

... replacing srand48(seed) with srand(seed), and drand48() with (double)rand()/((double)RAND.MAX+1) These random number generation functions should be available on all platforms, but use drand48() if ... interested in understanding natural ecological systems, and usually have little desire to replace the study of beautifully complex natural systems with the study of complex, artificial systems generated ... (Mullish and Cooper 1987) Presently, most operating systems have components of both these systems: A graphical user interface and a text-based window used to type commands Operating systems now...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 14:14

... representing current climate, and 2000 to 2100 representing future climate for the Flint and Flint Ecological Processes 2012, 1:1 http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/1/1/2 three scenarios and two models ... either Flint and Flint Ecological Processes 2012, 1:1 http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/1/1/2 Page 11 of 15 Table Means and standard deviations Climate parameters Measured Mean Standard deviation ... Means and standard deviations of measured climate parameters (from the National Weather Service and California Irrigation and Management Information System) and PRISM parameters for 4-km cells and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... elevation islands of Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai, and from west Maui in the near term, and could diminish and fragment 'I'iwi populations on higher elevation east Maui and Hawaii Island There is ... high elevation on east Maui Island and northeast Hawaii Island (Gorresen et al 2009) (Table 1), and population extinctions are impending throughout the Islands (Banko and Banko 2009) On Kauai, in ... on small pelagic fish and squids in other world oceans current systems (Fig 7), and show the links between multi-decadal global ocean climate variability and regional fish and squid populations...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... and Martin Kửchy Part Changes in Alpine and Boreal Landscapes 375 Chapter 19 Climate- Driven Change of the Stand Age Structure in the Polar Ural Mountains 377 Valeriy Mazepa, Stepan Shiyatov and ... similes of climate change and Drộgelyi Kiss and Hufnagel provide a theoretical study on climateinduced changes in freshwaterecosystems. Beingtheecosystemsmostpotentiallyaffectedbyclimatechange,thearcticandalpine ... orders@intechweb.org Climate Change Geophysical Foundations and Ecological Effects, Edited by Juan Blanco and Houshang Kheradmand p cm ISBN 978-953-307-419-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... Figure climate change, desertification and loss of biological diersity are intimately conected to one another- they overlap and affect, and are affectedby, eachother Studies of climate change and ... Vietnam climate change and variability are a part of global climate change, if it occurs will definitely effect agriculture In Vietnam the change and variability of climate elements in every Agro -ecological ... be investigated in future IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ON AGRICULTURE In order to study impacts of climate change and variability or extreme climate event (Elnino, Lanina) on rice...

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2012, 15:10

... moisture of sandy soil in coastal and inland areas Land use and land cover tools are considered adaptation options in desertification phenomenon in sandy and coastal areas (Pyke & Andelman, 2007) ... land plots land including garden land and agricultural land Table 4.3 presents that the size of land area in the study was not a problem Average farm size including garden, agricultural land and ... pest, pathogens and epidemics The two most important elements of climate to determine the occurrence and localization of pests and diseases are moisture and temperature And pests and disease vectors...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2013, 18:49

... Short-term and Heavy rainy, SDG: Short-term and Drainage, LSD: Long-term and Stagnant, LHT: Long-term and Heavy rainy, LMK: Long-term and Monsoon flood, PDL: Persistent and Drainage, PHS: Persistent and ... supply and (c) sanitation systems and attitudes for (d) water treatment at home, (e) children’s defecation habits and (f) hygiene practices Note: Communities code name, SRM: Short-term and Rainy, ... LHT LMK PDL PHS PSM NCD Hand washing with soap before eating Hand washing without soap before eating No hand washing before eating Hand washing after defecation with soap Hand washing after defecation...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... management and pollution controls Contamination of raw water source Implement and enforce water and land protection zones Water stress/ insufficient water allocation Study water yields; draft and conclude ... include blower and oxidation ditch, pump and trickling filter, and clarifier Based on the literature review, specifications, operating time, and capacity, it was estimated that blower and oxidation ... efficiency and renewable investments Conclusions and future work This research evaluates the relationship between environmental and energy factors and explores the value in tracking energy and environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay Chung-Ping Young 楊中平 Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab Dept of Computer Science and Information ... Numbering and coding systems Digital primer Inside the computer Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Decimal and ... Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay Chung-Ping Young 楊中平 Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab Dept of Computer Science and Information...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2013, 19:10

... (N), • cylindrical (C) and • asymmetrical (A) Using the possible electromagnetic systems and geometry, actuators and sensors (motion nano- and microstructures as well as nano- and microdevices) can ... ICs, provide enabling benefits and capabilities to design and manufacture NEMS and MEMS Critical issues are to improve power and thermal management, circuitry and actuator/sensor integration, ... integrated circuit and micromachining silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenic technologies have been developed and used to manufacture ICs and motion microstructures (microscale actuators and sensors)...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 11:15

... closed-loop systems use the data from different sensors, feedback commands (controls) are generated and executed, and intelligent updates and evolution are performed The feedback for sensor and control ... because V (e, x ) > and dV (e, x)

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 18:15

... the stator and rotor circuitry dynamics As the control and state variables we use the voltages applied to the stator (as and bs) and rotor (ar and br) windings, as well as the stator and rotor ... following relation and frequency f of the supplied voltages To attain the acceleration and settling time specified, overshoot and rise time needed, the general purpose (standard), soft- and high-starting ... the following variables and symbols are used: uas , ubs and ucs are the phase voltages in the stator windings as, bs and cs; uqs , uds and uos are the quadrature-, direct-, and zero-axis stator...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 18:15

... standard There are several network standards, PDA standards, browsing standards, protocol standards…etc In the wireless world, airwaves are the only vehicle to send and receive data Depending on the ... enhanced voice and data and even video It is bandwidth can be as high as Mbps and will operate at GHz Will Wireless banking play a major role in new markets? P2P (Person to Person), and P2A (Person ... The WebSphere application server will handle the data dynamically and adapt it to the handheld device Also it can run multiple applications and requests, and can be easily integrated to the backend...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2013, 16:15

... crudely functional whole and then to remove and replace less reliable subsystems Challet and Johnson estimate that one-half of the components could be significantly imperfect and yet the system as ... attention self-organization and emergence in complex natural systems Both ID and hyper-adaptationist Darwinian (HD) theorists share assumptions about the nature of organisms and systems These shared ... Design, and Complex Systems Dynamics 1:5 183 sources for such molecules and their spontaneous self-organization into membranous vesicles have been demonstrated (Deamer and Pashley 1989; Deamer and...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

... described by two vectors g1 = 101] and g2 = 111] and the corresponding code word c2 c1 ], where c1 =4 b2 b1 b0 7g and c2 =4 b2 b1 b0 (1.17) 7g (1.18) and where b0 , b1 , and b2 are the three bits in ... g1(z) = + z2 and g2(z) = + z + z2 (1.19) where denotes the present input bit, and z and z2 represent the previous input bits having one and two clock period delays, respectively, and + is modulo ... Walsh code 0, or w0 ; row and column are w1 ; row and column are w2 ; and row and column are w3 The Walsh code number w j is the average number of zero crossings between +1 and If the numbers are...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 16:15

... season and droughts in dry season • Increase in frequency and intensity of typhoons, storms would cause high floods & inundation, flash floods, landslide and erosion • Increasing water shortage and ... Typhoon trajectory moves southward and typhoon season shifts to later months of the year; Climate Change in Vietnam • High floods occur more frequently in the Central and Southern Vietnam • Drought ... Temperature increases and change in rainfall pattern will affect agriculture and water resources Impacts of sea level rise 3m 2m 4m 1m 5m WB 2007 “Large percentage of Vietnam’s population and economic...

Ngày tải lên: 09/12/2013, 21:15

... signalling random variable of the error in S (dB) random variable of the power control error in the received interference power random variable with standard deviation σe shadow fading random variable ... the variations in the terrain and the distribution of buildings and streets We allow for these variations by introducing a random variable λ having zero mean and standard deviation σ Often λ is ... Sectors E and F have a reuse distance of 3R , sectors B, D and G have a reuse distance of 3R, and sectors A and C have a reuse distance of 3R We find that the average SIR is 4:4 dB, 7:4 dB, and 8:6...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 23:15

... The filter pass band extends from to f p and the stop band extends from fs to ∞ Within the pass band the filter response is prescribed within the limits δ1 , and within the stop band the filter response ... positioned in such a way as to allow sufficient guard bands between other services operating above and below the cellular band and between the A and B services Consequently, the CDMA carriers are ... spectral guard bands between the different operator frequency blocks (unless adjacent blocks are allocated to the same operator) and between the systems that occupy the frequency bands above and below...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 23:15

... interfering mobile and zeroth BS, is rj = q D2 j + r2 2D j r cos(ϕ) (5.81) and ζ is the difference between λi j and λ0, the independent random variables with zero mean and standard deviation σ ... functions, and ζ j ζk and ζl are Gaussian random variables each having a p standard deviation of 2σ If φ( ) ( ) is not 1, then handover occurs Because Iext =S is a function of the random variables ... the ith mobile in the jth cell, and ε is a random variable p having zero mean and normal distribution with a standard deviation of σε = 2σe From Equations (5.82) and (5.100), the total intercellular...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 23:15

... wider bandwidth systems as more bandwidth is available for 3G networks We therefore agree that IS-95 is a 2.5G system and its evolution to 3G should be smooth This is not so for 2G TDMA systems ... PCS and DECT in other parts of the world Segment is used at present for PCS and PHS in the United States and Japan, respectively Segments and form 60 MHz frequency division duplex (FDD) bands ... of address and control information to the PDU for routing within and between PLMNs Encapsulation, and its reverse, are performed between the GGSN nodes of PLMNs, and between the SGSN and an MS...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 23:15