iron metabolism in pathogens

... calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 participates in ER stress-induced INS-1 insulinoma cell apoptosis by promoting cera- mide generation via hydrolysis of sphingomyelins by neutral sphingomyelinase. ... glucosylceramide synthase; SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; SMse, sphingomyelinase; SPT, serine palmitoyl transferase. Yellow repre- sents enzymes directly involved in ceramide metabolism, in which mutations are ... mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease. Nat Genet 18 , 106–108. 42 Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J, Singleton A, Hague S, Kachergus J, Hulihan M, Peuralinna T,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 14:20

... the main nitrogen compounds in the phloem exudates, amounting to 51% of the total amino acids in the light and 56% in the dark (Fig. 7A). The total amount of alanine, serine and gly- cine was ... Staining was found in the cyto- plasmic layers of BSCs (Fig. 4A). No positive staining was detected in the BSCs using the control sense probe (Fig. 4B). The localization of GLU mRNAs in the vicinity ... of glutamine and asparagine in the phloem seemed to be increased in the dark (Table 1). Second, glutamate, aspartate and serine were similarly distributed in leaves and phloem sap, yielding phloem...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... cells), even in the mutant strain. Determination of the intracellular volume In order to obtain the intracellular concentration of accumulated acyl-CoA esters, it was necessary to know the internal ... lmol NADPÆmin )1 Æmg protein )1 . Determination of maintenance In order to calculate the amount of glucose used for maintenance, the wild-type strain A26 was used. Four 100-mL aliquots of glucose minimal ... acetate to the media containing glucose and propionate, the growth rate of both strains increased and the effect of propionate became less apparent. Finally, in media containing acetate and propionate...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 16:20

... thioredoxin system [10,11]. Thioredoxin is a small, redox active protein, capable in turn of reducing or oxidizing disulphide bonds in proteins. In chloroplasts, thioredoxin is reduced by ferredoxin, ... authors investigated dark stromal metabolism in chloroplasts isolated from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. This plant is interesting in that it is capable of operating C 3 or CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) ... wheat sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase in which the regulatory cysteines were mutated to serines, rendering the resulting product insensitive to thioredoxin (unpublished data). Such a change will impact in two ways on...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 23:20

... have provided insight into the mechanisms by which hepcidin modulates iron absorption. Within a week of being placed on a low -iron diet, rats show a twofold increase in intestinal iron absorption ... or administration of recombinant hepcidin [51]. The second involves binding of hepcidin to FPN at the cell membrane, causing internalization and degradation of FPN, thus diminishing iron transfer ... hepcidin on intestinal iron absorption. Since the discovery of hepcidin, several authors have reported that hepcidin expression fails to increase in response to increased iron stores in other...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... creatine kinase in the same malignant cells do not appear to be sufficient for the building up of an effective creatine ⁄ phosphocreatine pool. Instead of supporting creatine biosynthesis, l-arginine:glycine ... 91–95. 45 Van Pilsum JF, Martin RP, Kito E & Hess J (1956) Determination of creatine, creatinine, arginine, guanidi- noacetic acid, guanidine, and methyl-guanidine in bio- logical fluids. J Biol ... compounds are in high demand in proliferating cancer cells. Abbreviations 3MC, 3-methylcholanthrene; AGAT, L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase; CK, creatine kinase; CT-1, creatine transporter;...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 04:20

... abundant in liver, kidney and intestine, medium in several other tissues and absent in muscle, skin and brain. The D1 activity increases in liver and intestine towards hatching but decreases in gonads ... is (mono)deiodination where one iodine is removed from the outer ring (outer ring deiodination or ORD) or from the inner ring (inner ring deiodination or IRD) of a iodothyronine molecule. Deiodination ... levels to reach a minimum within 30 min after injection, proving the involvement of pretranslational regulation (Van der Geyten et al., 1999a). Additional studies including actinomycine D and cycloheximide...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 09:20

... Spain Trehalose metabolism is an essential component of the stress response in yeast cells. In this work we show that the prod- ucts of the principal genes involved in trehalose metabolism in ... be integrated mechanisms. These findings indicate a divergence in the molecular designs controlling trehalose metabolism in S. pombe from those in S. cerevisiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS Strains ... TPS1–TPS2 complex in S. cerevisiae, it is tempting to speculate that in S. pombe these ORFs code for proteins that somehow regulate trehalose metabolism by interacting with some members of the enzyme proteins...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 23:20

... phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase are candidate sig- naling pathways that mediate FASN expression through the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c. In breast ... be induced by incubating cancer cells with oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthetase [159,160]. Similarly, reduction of OXPHOS by targeted disruption of frataxin, a protein involved in ... enzyme becomes inactive upon phosphorylation either by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A or by the insulin-dependent glycogen A. Herling et al. Tumor specific alterations in metabolism FEBS...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 23:20

... domains. The N-terminal domain adopts an expanded Rossmann fold, and provides the residues for binding the coenzyme. The C-terminal domain has a lar- gely a-helical structure, and serves mainly in ... of initial-rate data recorded at different concentrations of inhibitor. The observed inhibition was, in each case, best described by competitive binding of coenzyme and adenine nucleotide. Inhibition ... FEBS conditions. Lineweaver–Burk plots of initial-rate data (Fig. 1) gave a pattern of intersecting lines, for each enzyme and in both reaction directions, consistent with a kinetic mechanism in which...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 23:20

... the iron box), explaining the regulation of desA expression by binding of DmdR1 to the iron box. The same overlapping was found in S. pilosus. DmdR1 binds to the promoter region of desABCD in ... evidence for or against this claim. SCO2780 encoding a putative secreted siderophore-binding lipoprotein with a conserved Fhu (Fe 2+ siderophore binding) domain showed an iron- limitation response similar ... desferrioxamine cluster. Indeed, binding of the pure DmdR1 protein to the S. coelicolor desA promoter region was shown for the first time in this work. As described previously, bind- ing of DmdR1 to the iron...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... the input ⁄ output relationship. Note that by constructing the conversion cone one loses no information because all other, less interesting, details are contained in the current matrix. Assuming ... allowed input ⁄ output behaviour, and indeed any possible input ⁄ output behaviour is obtained as a linear combination (with non-negative scalar coefficients) of these 37 rows of P. Such linear combinations ... which are an integral part of a cell in an organ such as the liver. As already mentioned, such biochemical entities are tightly integrated in a constantly changing cellular environment. In other...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 14:20

... elements are present in living cells. Most of the iron in the body is located within the porphyrin ring of heme, which is incorporated into proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, ... review on Cellular Iron metabolism with a Iron Metabolism 6 Fig. 3. Structure of ferritin showing the outer polypeptide shell with inner iron- core containing iron stored as mineral –ferric ... showing the physiological turnover of iron in the body 5. Mechanisms regulating Iron absorption The iron stores in the body are regulated by intestinal absorption. Intestinal absorption of iron...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 09:20

... dosing. Using this methodology, we examined the effects of methylglyoxal on an in vivo T. brucei infection. The maximum achiev- able methylglyoxal concentration in blood following oral dosing ... 72 h. Concentrations of inhib- itor causing a 50% reduction in growth (EC 50 ) were deter- mined using the following two-parameter equation by nonlinear regression using grafit: y ¼ 100 1 þð½I=EC 50 Þ m where ... Solid lines: confirmed metabolism in T. brucei. Dotted lines: metabolism absent in T. bru- cei. MeGDH, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. Methylglyoxal metabolism in trypanosomatids...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... optimized to gain maximum XMP production (Table 1). As shown in Table 1, an increase in the glu/glc ratio (glu/glc) induced a significant increase in XMP production, and this increase in XMP production ... accumulated during the glu-consuming phase (phase I), but much accumulated during the glu-deficient phase (phase II), suggesting that hypoxanthine production was induced through a switch in the carbon flux. In ... specifically occurs during XMP production. In fact, an increase in ATP concentration and ATP/ADP ratio could be induced during phase I by increasing glu concen- tration in the culture medium (Fig. 4). Dauner...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:22

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 11/04/2014, 09:48