ionizing radiation and basic principles of x ray generation

... f12 x2 ; ZÞ exp½Àb3 x2 À x Š; x x x3 > h ib4 > > : f14 x; ZÞ ¼ f13 x3 ; ZÞ x ; x x x4 x3 where < f21 x; ZÞ ¼ a expðÀb1 x þ ðZ À aÞ expðÀcxÞ; x x1 x x x2 F2 x; ZÞ ¼ f22 x; ZÞ ¼ f21 x1 ; ... combination of analytical functions to calculate F (x, Z): x x1 > f11 x; ZÞ ¼ a expðÀb1 x þ ðZ À aÞ expðÀcxÞ; > > < f12 x; ZÞ ¼ f11 x1 ; ZÞ expðÀb2 x1 À x Š; x x x2 ð74Þ F1 x; ZÞ ¼ f13 x; ZÞ ... ZÞ exp½Àb2 x1 À x Š; : f23 x; ZÞ ¼ f22 x2 ; ZÞ exp½Àb3 x2 À x Š; x x x3 Z ð75Þ where Z 100 The parameters for the calculation of F (x, Z ), including the critical values of x1 , x2 , ´ and x3 ,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/04/2014, 18:53

... in other fields of clinical and epidemiological research Figure An example of a MMI model of Treatment Satisfaction An example of a MMI model of Treatment Satisfaction Page 10 of 12 (page number ... rating of a general item, they may refer to different experiences based on the particulars of their condition and its' unique impact on various aspects of their lives Because of the flexible ways ... among candidate items (>.90) An SCI candidate, on the other hand, should be moderate to highly correlated (>.7) with a gold-standard criterion/ proxy measure of the latent construct, and importantly,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 16:20

... day of treatment, mice were sacrificed, and tumors were harvested, formalin fixed, and stained for the Ki-67 (A), TUNEL (B), and CD31 (C) as marker of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and ... mg/kg) or hour prior to irradiation Immunohistochemical stainings of tumor sections were performed after tumor excision at day of treatment Detailed descriptions of the experimental procedures are ... 2) Here, we have examined the effects of the combined treatment modality of ionizing radiation with the VEGFreceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787 in both a spontaneous and a strongly related...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... multidisciplinary and professional qualifications of the teaching faculty is similar experiments 4.1.5 Experimental methods and experimental locality * Experimental Methods Experimental and experimental exploration ... teaching basic subjects principles of Marxism - Leninism in colleges and universities My hypothesis In the process of teaching the basic subjects principles of Marxism - Leninism in colleges and universities ... The basic principles of Marxism - Leninism Chapter 2: Rationale and practice the method of presentation used towards promoting positive student learning in subjects The basic principles of Marxism...

Ngày tải lên: 06/10/2016, 19:16

... axons can exhibit only one of these types of pathophysiologic change, however an injured nerve is composed of thousands of axons, and a mixed pattern of segmental demyelination and axonal loss ... Sunderland and Bradley 1949) This offered an explanation for a wide variety of clinical findings and outcomes in the neurotmesis category Natural following of this line of thought was extension of ... Journal of Experimental Biology 132 (September): 133-150 Hoffman, P N, and D W Cleveland 1988 “Neurofilament and tubulin expression recapitulates the developmental program during axonal regeneration:...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 23:20

... objectives of Accounting • explain the importance of Accounting information to various users • identify the branches of Accounting • explain the principles of business entity and money measurement and ... method of recording and remains the basis of today’s accounting systems The nature of the financial records kept will depend on the type of business being considered For example, the owner of a ... usefulness in business situations • explain the advantages of a computerised system vs a manual system of Accounting • explain the application and advantages of computers as a tool for communication...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... identification of these lesions as a strand break, verification of the nature of the 3¢ end, and identification of a satisfactory pathway for repair The XRCC1 component of the XRCC1–DNA ligase IIIa heterodimer ... 3¢-hydroxyl and 5¢-phosphate groups is accomplished by XRCC1–DNA ligase IIIa complex (pathway A) However, a singlenucleotide gap-containing strand break with 3¢-hydroxyl and 5¢-phosphate or 3¢-hydroxyl ... disruption of the interaction of XRCC1 with PNK or Pol b leads to deficiency in accumulation of PNK and Pol b in nuclear foci induced by hydrogen peroxide [17,32] and increased sensitivity of deficient...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... fixed value of t variation of E, (a) with t at a fixed value of x and (b) with x at PKOPERTIES OF X- RAYS [CHAP film arbitrary units, such as the degree of blackening of a photographic to the x- ray ... the exact relation The region between netic X X X bemg lkX= 1.00202A worth while to review briefly some properties of electromagnetic Suppose a monochromatic beam of x- rays, i.e., x- rays of a ... understanding of the radiation used, because it was not until 1912 that the exact nature of x- rays was established In that year the phenomenon of x- ray diffraction by crystals was discovered, and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 10:40

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:45

... contrast-detail curve for a loss of 50% of pixels • No important deterioration of image for pixel loss Simulated the loss of 50% of pixels Assessment of the effects of pixel loss on image quality in ... array detectors, indirect x- ray conversion scintillators and thin-film-transistor (TFT) photodiode arrays and direct x- ray conversion semiconductors layered on TFT detector arrays Overview of ... efficiency (DQE) • But: – object constrast is a function of material imaged and x- ray spectra – DQE is a function of exposure, spatial frequency and x- ray spectrum DQE is the most important object-independent...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 10:49

... (see Figure and text for details) where SX denotes the size of the largest cluster of type X, xX is the number fraction of each structure type ( X xX = 1), and fX (n) is the value of log-normal ... function of the structure type and cluster size is aX (n) = X + X − X × π + atan n0 − n /wX X , π + atan n0 − /wX X (5) Table 1: Values of parameters used in (6) to compute synthetic XRD intensity ... distribution fX (n) = exp − sX /2 2π X sX exp − log n − log X 2s2 X , (4) M Ladisa et al with mode X and logarithmic width sX Structural distances for the different structure types X are generally...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 20:20

... axons can exhibit only one of these types of pathophysiologic change, however an injured nerve is composed of thousands of axons, and a mixed pattern of segmental demyelination and axonal loss ... Sunderland and Bradley 1949) This offered an explanation for a wide variety of clinical findings and outcomes in the neurotmesis category Natural following of this line of thought was extension of ... Journal of Experimental Biology 132 (September): 133-150 Hoffman, P N, and D W Cleveland 1988 “Neurofilament and tubulin expression recapitulates the developmental program during axonal regeneration:...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 12:20

... multiples and fractions are used for coarser and finer yarns The kilotex (1 ktex = 1000 tex = 1000 g km–1) is used for sliver, and the decitex (1 dtex = 0.1 tex = 0.1 g km–1) for fine yarns and filaments ... preparation of various different types of fibres and see more of the impact of preparation on dyeing processes 2.5 DYEING AND FINISHING Textile finishing consists of a variety of mechanical, thermal and ... characteristics of a yarn are its degree of twist and its thickness or count The thickness of a yarn, or of continuous filaments, is expressed as the length of a given weight of yarn, or vice versa For example,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2015, 15:14

... understood exposition of the principles of power electronics Common features of systems and their behavior are identified in order to facilitate understanding Thyristor converters are distinguished and ... rate ofrise ofoff-state voltage ( du/dt) crit, the critical rate of rise of on-state current (di/dt) crit' and the circuit-commutated turn-off time t q • Figure 3.8 shows the turn-on process of ... feature of the present development phase is the increasing use of integrated circuits into the open and closed-loop control section Basic Functions of Static Converters In the middle of the sixties,...

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 11:17

Ngày tải lên: 19/04/2016, 11:32

... Basic Principles of ELISA I = Solid-phase to which reagent is attached passively S = Substrate addition and color development + = Addition of reagents and incubation Read = Measurement of ... labeled antigen and the degree of inhibition of binding of the labeled antigen with the solid phase measured This form of assay has been used in the estimation of hormone concentrations and is analogous ... (i): Passive adsorption of antigen, Stage (ii): Wash Competition 46 Basic Principles Pre-titration I of antigen and labelled of ELISA antibodies Competition-addition of serum containing common...

Ngày tải lên: 03/10/2016, 11:55

... the expression of RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) and the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio [131] Overexpression of IL-17 in the joints of naïve mice resulted in acute inflammation and cartilage ... differentiation of Th17 cells [117] RORγT mRNA is induced by IL-6 and TGF-β and is further upregulated by IL-6 and IL23 activation of STAT3 [118] The expression of RORC2, human ortholog of mouse RORγT, ... stimulation with TGF-β and the combinations of TGF-β and IL-6 or TGF-β and IL-21 [73] TGF-β stimulates the expression of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor Foxp3, which is critical...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... three-month length of the stability test to be adequate The maximal difference in CBCT numbers was 21, with a maximum standard error of less than 1.5% The stability of kV-CBCT number and electron density ... difference of maximal dose in tumor is 0.49% and in normal structures are 3.15% Five out of six patients didn't show significant anatomy changes and setup variations between the first CBCT images and ... the indexes of patients, 1PTV means the PTV in patient1 Figure The transverse views of CT and the 2nd CBCT The transverse views of the reference CT (a) and cone beam CT (b) after two weeks of the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 08:23